ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo ʻAtomika a me ke Kumumanaʻo Kinetic
No nā tausani makahiki, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ka poʻe Helene kahiko ua haku ʻia kēlā me kēia mea maʻemaʻe (e.g., gula maʻemaʻe, hao maʻemaʻe 😉, a pēlā aku) me nā ʻātoma. Wahi a lākou, inā ʻoki ʻia kahi mea maʻemaʻe i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia kēlā mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia ... a pēlā aku, aia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻātoma. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma "ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia" (ma ka ʻōlelo Helene).
I kēlā manawa , ua manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻātoma ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma hope mai i nā electrons a me nā nuclei atomic (nā protons a me nā neutrons), a pēlā e hōʻole ana i ka manaʻo he mau ʻātoma ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia . Hana ʻia nā ʻātoma me nā electrons (hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole) a me kahi nucleus. Hoʻopuni nā electrons i ka nucleus. Aia i loko o ka nucleus nā protons (hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia) a me nā neutrons (neutral, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o lākou uku).
Aia kekahi kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau (hoʻomau = hoʻomau). Ke ʻōlelo nei kēia kumumanaʻo hiki ke māhele ʻia ka mea maʻemaʻe me ka palena ʻole. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa. Hiki ke māhele hou ʻia ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a pēlā aku, me ka palena ʻole.
ʻO wai ka mea pololei ma waena o kēia mau kumumanaʻo ʻelua? ʻO ke kumumanaʻo atomika a i ʻole ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau?
I ke kālaikūlohea, ua ʻae ʻia kekahi kumumanaʻo ma ke ʻano ʻepekema inā hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ma o ka hoʻokolohua. I nā kenekulia 18 , 19, a me 20 , ma o nā hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pololei o ke kumumanaʻo atomika.
ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomaopopo i ka wehewehe ʻana ma lalo nei. ʻO nā mea he mau mea maʻemaʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano kemika, no ka laʻana, ke gula (Au), ka hao (Fe), ke keleawe (Cu), ka zinc (Zn), ka sodium (Na), ka calcium (Ca), ka chlorine (Cl), ka naikokene (N), ka oxygen (O), ka hydrogen (H), a pēlā aku. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea, aia kekahi mau hui. Hana ʻia nā hui me nā mea. No ka mea, ua hana ʻia lākou me nā mea, hiki nō ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hui i nā mea. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi hui, ʻo ia ka wai.
ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea he ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi hui he molekala. Loaʻa i nā molekala nā ʻātoma i hoʻopaʻa ʻia . ʻO ke gula maʻemaʻe kahi laʻana o kahi mea. ʻO ke gula maʻemaʻe maoli nō i hana ʻia me nā ʻātoma gula (Au). ʻO kahi ʻāpana hao kekahi laʻana o kahi mea. Hana ʻia ka hao me nā ʻātoma hao (Fe). No laila, he mea maʻemaʻe ka mea i hana ʻia me ke ʻano like o nā ʻātoma.
ʻO ka wai āu e ʻike pinepine ai, paʻa ai, a inu ai, ua hana ʻia ia me nā molekala wai (kemika H2O). Aia nā molekala wai i ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H) a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
Eia kekahi mau hōʻike o ke kumumanaʻo atomika:
ʻO ka mea mua, ke kānāwai o nā kūlike mau.
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka wā e hui pū ai nā mea e hana i nā hui, loaʻa i nā hui hopena ka lakio nui like. No ka laʻana, paʻakai… ʻO ka paʻakai a mākou e ʻike nei he hui i haku ʻia me nā molekala paʻakai (kemika NaCl). ʻO ke ʻano maoli, ua hana mau ʻia nā molekala paʻakai mai 23 mau ʻāpana sodium (Na) a me 35 mau ʻāpana chlorine (Cl).
ʻAʻole hiki i ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau ke wehewehe iā ia , akā hiki i ke kumumanaʻo atomika . Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo atomika, ʻo nā ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea , no laila he nuipaʻa ko nā ʻātoma . ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā nuipaʻa o nā mea e hana ana i kahi hui e pili pono ana i nā nuipaʻa pili o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i ka mea. Ma muli o ka nui o kēlā me kēia mea e hana ana i ka hui, hoʻoholo nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka nuipaʻa pili o ka ʻātoma. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he pili ia no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nuipaʻa pili o kahi ʻātoma o kahi mea i ka nuipaʻa pili o ka ʻātoma o kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hydrogen ka ʻātoma māmā loa, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he ana hoʻohālikelike. Hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H) i ka waiwai o 1. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen ma ke ʻano he ana hoʻohālikelike, hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma kalapona (C) i ka waiwai o 12, hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma oxygen (O) i ka waiwai o 16 a pēlā aku (e nānā wale i ka papa periodic o nā mea). ʻO ke nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma kalapona = 12 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke nuipa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona he 12 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke nuipa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H). ʻO ke nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma oxygen = 16 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke nuipa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen he 16 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke nuipa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H).
Ma ka ʻōnaehana honua (SI), loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana o ke kaumaha, he ʻātoma platinum-iridium i mālama ʻia ma ka International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Farani). Ma ka ʻaelike honua, ʻo ke kaumaha o kēia ʻātoma platinum-iridium he 1 kg. ʻO kēia ke kilokani maʻamau. Ma ka unahi atomika, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana lua o ke kaumaha, ʻo ia ka ʻātoma carbon-12C. Ma ka ʻaelike honua, ʻo ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma carbon-12C he 12,0000 mau ʻāpana kaumaha atomika i hoʻohui ʻia (u).
1 u = 1,66 x 10-27 kg.
ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma o C kalapona (C) = 12,0000 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma o Hydrogen (H) = 1,0078 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma o Oxygen (O) = 15,9994 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma o Sodium = 22,9897 u a pēlā aku. E pili ana i ke kaumaha ʻātoma, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī ma ka papa periodic o nā mea.
Ma waho aʻe o ka nuipaʻa atomika, aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nuipaʻa molekala. ʻO ka nuipaʻa molekala ka nuipaʻa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i kahi molekala. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nuipaʻa molekala o ka paʻakai (NaCl) = ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma sodium (Na) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma chlorine (Cl). ʻO ka nuipaʻa molekala o ka wai (H2O ) = ka nuipaʻa o ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
ʻO ka lua, ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian
I ka wā ma mua, aia kekahi kanaka Pelekane i kapa ʻia ʻo Robert Brown. Ia e nānā ana i ka pollen i kau ʻia i loko o ka wai (1827). Ua ʻike ʻia ka wai a me ka pollen hoʻohana microscope. 
ʻO Robert Brown ua manaʻo ʻē ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pollen e neʻe ana ma kona iho. Kupanaha ma muli o ka wai i kēia manawa mālie, No ke aha mai Neʻe ka pollen. He manaʻo kūʻokoʻa ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pollen akā hoʻomau. Ia manaʻo he ʻano ola ka neʻe ʻana, Ma hea pollen ola i hiki ai neʻe. Akā, ua hewa kāna kuhi ʻana no ka mea, ua neʻe pū nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi inorganic e like me ka pollen i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai. ke i loko o ka wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano neʻe ʻana he neʻe wai. BʻO Rown.
ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻike a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic.
Kumumanaʻo kinetic
ʻO ke ʻano o Kinetic ʻo ia hoʻi ka neʻe ʻana ( Helene ). ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo kinetic aia kēlā me kēia mea i nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala a neʻe mau kēia mau ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala ma ke ʻano maʻamau.
I ka neʻe ʻana, nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala likepunyai wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala pū kekahi likepunyai nuipa. No ka mea likepunyai nuipa (m) a me ka wikiwiki (v), a laila loaʻa i ka ʻātoma a i ʻole ka molekala ka ikehu kinetic (EK) a me ka momentum (p). Ikehu kinetic: EK = 1⁄2 mv2ʻOiai ke momentum: p = m v. Ma waho aʻe o ka wikiwiki, aia ka ikaika. I ka neʻe ʻana, aia mau ka hiki ke kuʻi. No laila, kū mai ka ikaika mai ka loli o ka momentum i ka wā o kahi kuʻi.
Hiki iā kākou ke ʻōlelo aku ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo kinetic ma ka ikehu kinetic, ka momentum, a me ka ikaika. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia mau mea ʻekolu ma ke kumuhana o ka dynamics of motion (nā kānāwai o Newton, ka impulse, a me ka momentum). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, hoʻopili mākou i ka dynamics i ka pae atomic a molecular paha. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kumumanaʻo Kinetic e Boyle (1627–1691), Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), Joule (1818–1889), Kronig (1822–1879), Rudolph Clausius (1822–1888), a me Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879).
ʻO ke ola ʻana o kēia kumumanaʻo kinetic hiki ke wehewehe i ka ʻike a Brown . Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, neʻe ka pollen no ka mea ua paʻi ʻia e nā mole wai e neʻe wikiwiki ana. No ka mea he nui nā mole wai, ua paʻi ʻia ka pollen mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.
Ma muli o ke kānāwai o nā kūlike paʻa a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian, ua lilo ke kumumanaʻo atomika i mea e ʻae nui ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema. ʻO ka ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi mea. No laila, he nui ko nā ʻātoma. Pehea ka nui o kahi ʻātoma?
I ka makahiki 1905, ua noiʻi ʻo Einstein i ka nui o nā ʻātoma ma ke ʻano kumumanaʻo. Ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma, ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, a me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻo ia he 10-10 m ke anawaena o kahi ʻātoma . No laila, ua loaʻa ke anawaena o ka ʻātoma ma o nā helu ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻātoma, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma , e like me ke kumumanaʻo kinetic.
