ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo ʻAtomika a me ke Kumumanaʻo Kinetic
Mai nā tausani makahiki aku nei, ua loaʻa i nā kānaka YUa manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Unanis kahiko ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia mea maʻemaʻe (e like me ke gula maʻemaʻe, ka hao maʻemaʻe 😉 a pēlā aku) me nā ʻātoma. Wahi a lākou, inā ʻoki ʻia kahi mea maʻemaʻe i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia kēlā mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia ... a pēlā aku, a laila aia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia aia i lokokāhea ʻātoma. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma "ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia" (Helene)
Ma kaona Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hiki ʻole ke māhele ʻia ka ʻātoma. Akā ma hope mai, ua nā kānaka ʻepekema ua ʻike ʻia nā electrons a me nā nuclei atomika (protons a me neutrons) i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele hou ʻia nā ʻātoma hewaNo laila, aia nā ʻātoma i nā electrons (i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia) a me kahi nucleus atomika. Hoʻopuni nā electrons i ka nucleus atomika. Aia i loko o ka nucleus atomika nā protons (i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia) a me nā neutrons (neutral, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o lākou uku).
Ada kekahi kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau (hoʻomau = hoʻomau). ʻO kēia kumumanaʻoyʻōlelo ʻia hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia nā mea maʻemaʻe me ka palena ʻole. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa. Hiki ke ʻoki hou ʻia ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. da pēlā aku a hiki i ka palena ʻole.
ʻO wai ka mea pololei ma waena o kēia mau kumumanaʻo ʻelua? ʻO ke kumumanaʻo atomika a i ʻole ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau?
I ke kinoea, e ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kumumanaʻo ma ke ʻano ʻepekema inā hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ke kumumanaʻo i nā hoʻokolohua. Paia kekahi kenekulia i-18, 19 a me 20, ma o nā hoʻokolohua i mālama ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pololei o ke kumumanaʻo atomika.
ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomaopopo i ka loiloi ma lalo nei. ʻO nā mea he mau mea maʻemaʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale kemika ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana ke gula (Au), ka hao (Fe), ke keleawe (Cu), ka zinc (Zn), ka sodium (Na), ka calcium (Ca), ka chlorine (Cl), ka naikokene (N), ka oxygen (O), ka hydrogen (H) a pēlā aku. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea, aia kekahi mau hui. Loaʻa nā hui i nā mea. No ka mea, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea, hiki nō ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hui i nā mea. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi hui, ʻo ia ka wai.
ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea he ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi hui he molekala. Hana ʻia nā molekala i nā ʻātoma i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi i kekahi. mepaʻa. EʻO ke gula maʻemaʻe kahi laʻana o kahi mea. ʻO ke gula maʻemaʻe maoli nō i hana ʻia me nā ʻātoma gula (Au). ʻO kahi ʻāpana hao kekahi laʻana o kahi mea. ʻO ka hao i hana ʻia me nā ʻātoma hao (Fe). Jadi mea ʻo ia nā mea maʻemaʻe i hana ʻia me ke ʻano like o nā ʻātoma.
ʻO ka wai āu e ʻike pinepine ai, paʻa ai, a inu ai, ua hana ʻia ia me nā molekala wai (kemika H2O). Aia nā molekala wai i ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H) a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
Eia kekahi mau hōʻike o ke kumumanaʻo atomika:
ʻO ka mea mua, ke kānāwai o nā kūlike mau.
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o nā kūlike paʻa i ka wā e hui pū ai nā mea e hana i nā hui, loaʻa i nā hui hopena ka lakio nui like. No ka laʻana, paʻakai… GʻO ka paʻakai a mākou e ʻike nei he hui ia i hana ʻia me nā molekala paʻakai (ʻo ia ke ʻano kemika NaCl). ʻO ke ʻano maoli, ua hana mau ʻia nā molekala paʻakai mai 23 mau ʻāpana sodium (Na) a me 35 mau ʻāpana chlorine (Cl).
ʻAʻole hiki i ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau ke wehewehe iā ia. akā, ke kumumanaʻo atomika hiki e wehewehe. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo atomika, ʻo nā ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea pela 'Ātoma likepunyai nuipa PʻO ka lakio nuipa o nā mea e hana ana i kahi hui e pili pono ana i ka nuipa pili o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i ka mea. Ma muli o ka nui o kēlā me kēia mea e hana ana i ka hui, hoʻoholo nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka nuipa pili o ka ʻātoma. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he pili ia no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nuipa pili o ka ʻātoma o kekahi mea i ka nuipa pili o ka ʻātoma o kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hydrogen ka ʻātoma māmā loa, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi. Hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H) i ka waiwai o 1. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi, hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma kalapona (C) i ka waiwai o 12, a hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma oxygen (O) i ka waiwai o 16. a pēlā aku (e nānā wale i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea). ʻO ke kaumaha pili o kahi ʻātoma kalapona = 12 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona he 12 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H). ʻO ke kaumaha pili o kahi ʻātoma oxygen = 16 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen he 16 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H).
Ma ka ʻŌnaehana Honua (SI), loaʻa iā mākou kahi kaumaha maʻamau: kahi pā platinum-iridium i mālama ʻia ma ka International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Farani). Ma ka ʻaelike honua, ʻo ke kaumaha o kēia pā platinum-iridium he 1 kg. ʻO kēia ke kilokani maʻamau. DMa ke anakahi atomika, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana nuipa ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻātoma kalapona 12C. Wahi a ka ʻaelike honua, ʻo ke nuipa o 1 ʻātoma kalapona 12C he 12,0000 mau anakahi nuipa atomika i hoʻohui ʻia (u).
1 u = 1,66 x 1027 kg.
Ka nuipa o 1 ʻātoma Ckalapona (C) = 12,0000 u, nuipaʻa o 1 ʻātoma o Hydrogen (H) = 1,0078 u, nuipaʻa o 1 ʻātoma o Oxygen (O) = 15,9994 u, nuipaʻa o 1 ʻātoma o Sodium = 22,9897 u a pēlā aku. E pili ana i ka nuipa atomika, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī hou aku ma papa kuhikuhi manawa o nā mea.
Ma waho aʻe o ka nuipa ʻātoma, aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nuipa molekala. ʻO ka nuipa molekala ka nuipa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i kahi molekala. ʻo kahi laʻana ka nuipaʻa molekala o ka paʻakai (NaCl) = ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma o Sodium (Na) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma o Chlorine (Cl). ʻO ka nuipaʻa molekala o ka wai (H2O) = ka nuipaʻa o 2 mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
ʻO ka lua, ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian
I ka wā ma mua, aia kekahi kanaka Pelekane i kapa ʻia ʻo Robert Brown. Ia e nānā ana i ka pollen i kau ʻia i loko o ka wai (1827). Ua ʻike ʻia ka wai a me ka pollen hoʻohana microscope. 
ʻO Robert Brown ua manaʻo ʻē ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pollen e neʻe ana ma kona iho. Kupanaha ma muli o ka wai i kēia manawa mālie, No ke aha mai Neʻe ka pollen. He manaʻo kūʻokoʻa ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pollen akā hoʻomau. Ia manaʻo he ʻano ola ka neʻe ʻana, Ma hea pollen ola i hiki ai neʻe. Akā, ua hewa kāna kuhi ʻana no ka mea, ua neʻe pū nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi inorganic e like me ka pollen i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai. ke i loko o ka wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano neʻe ʻana he neʻe wai. BʻO Rown.
Mea i hana ʻia loaʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic.
Kumumanaʻo kinetic
ʻO ke kinetic ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana (ʻōlelo) Yʻunani). Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo kinetic aia kēlā me kēia mea i nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala a neʻe mau kēia mau ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala ma ke ʻano kaulele.
I ka neʻe ʻana, nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala likepunyai wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala pū kekahi likepunyai nuipa. No ka mea likepunyai nuipa (m) a me ka wikiwiki (v), a laila loaʻa i ka ʻātoma a i ʻole ka molekala ka ikehu kinetic (EK) a me ka momentum (p). Ikehu kinetic: EK = 1⁄2 mv2ʻOiai ke momentum: p = m v. Ma waho aʻe o ka wikiwiki, aia ka ikaika. I ka neʻe ʻana, aia mau ka hiki ke kuʻi. No laila, kū mai ka ikaika mai ka loli o ka momentum i ka wā o kahi kuʻi.
Hiki iā kākou ke ʻōlelo aku ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo kinetic ma luna o ka ikehu kinetic, ka momentum a me ka ikaika. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻekolu die aʻo i ke kumuhana o ka dynamics o ka neʻe ʻana (nā kānāwai o Newton, ka impulse a me ka momentum). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma Hoʻopili kā mākou kumumanaʻo kinetic i ka ʻepekema o ka dynamics i ka pae atomika a molekala paha. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kumumanaʻo kinetic e Boyle (1627–1691), Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), Joule (1818–1889), Kronig (1822–1879), Rudolph Clausius (1822–1888) a me Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879).
Hiki i ke ola ʻana o kēia kumumanaʻo kinetic ke wehewehe i ka ʻike ʻana Brown. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, neʻe ka pollen no ka mea ua paʻi ʻia e nā mole wai e neʻe wikiwiki ana. He nui loa ka helu o nā mole wai, no laila ʻo ka pollen i lokopaʻi mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.
Ma muli o ke kānāwai o nā kūlike mau a me ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nui ʻia nei ke kumumanaʻo atomika e nā kānaka ʻepekema. AʻO ka ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi mea. No laila, ʻo ka ʻātoma loaʻa ka nui. He aha ka nui o kahi ʻātoma?
I ka makahiki 1905, ua noiʻi ʻo Einstein i ka nui o nā ʻātoma ma ke ʻano kumumanaʻo. Ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma, ke kumumanaʻo kinetic a me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma o nā hoʻokolohua, Ia ua ʻike ʻia aia ke anawaena o kahi ʻātoma ma kahi o 1010 m. No laila, ua loaʻa ke anawaena ʻātoma ma o ka helu ʻana. Uua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka atomika pela kumumanaʻo atomika ua ʻae ʻia, a me tkumumanaʻo kinetic.
