ʻAno ʻAtomika a me ka Papa Kuhikuhi o nā Elemene
Pendahuluan
I ke ao o ke kemika, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano atomika a me ka papa ʻaina o nā mea. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i kēia mau ʻano ʻelua e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke wehewehe i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā mea. E like me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻike, nā kumu, a me nā ʻano i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā e hiki ai iā mākou ke wānana i nā hopena kemika, nā ʻano kino, a me ke ʻano o nā mea i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano atomika a me ka papa ʻaina e kōkua iā mākou e wānana i nā hopena kemika, nā ʻano kino, a me ke ʻano o nā mea i ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
ʻAno ʻAtomika
ʻO nā ʻātoma nā ʻāpana kumu o ka mea e hana ai i nā mea a puni mākou. Hana ʻia nā ʻātoma me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana subatomic nui: nā protons, nā neutrons, a me nā electrons. Hoʻokumu nā protons a me nā neutrons i ka nucleus, ʻoiai nā electrons e kaapuni ana i ka nucleus ma nā orbits kikoʻī i loko o ke ao electron.
Hoʻomākaukau
He mau ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā proton i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma. ʻO ka helu o nā proton i loko o ka nucleus e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻike o ka element, i ʻike ʻia ʻo kona helu atomika. No ka laʻana, he ʻeono protons ko kahi ʻātoma kalapona, ʻoiai he ʻewalu ko ka oxygen. Loaʻa i nā proton kahi nuipa kokoke i hoʻokahi anakahi nuipa atomika (u).
Neutron
ʻO nā neutrons he mau ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi ʻole ʻia i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus atomika. Loaʻa iā lākou ka nui like me nā protons. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻopiʻi atomika, hiki i ka helu o nā neutrons i loko o ka nucleus ke hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa o ka atom a hoʻoholo i kāna mau isotopes. ʻO nā isotopes he mau ʻano like ʻole o kahi mea nona ka helu like o nā protons akā ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā neutrons.
huina'ine
He mau ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā electrons e kaapuni ana i ka nucleus atomika ma nā orbits kikoʻī a i ʻole nā pae ikehu. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nuipa o nā electrons i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā protons a me nā neutrons. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā electrons i loko o kahi atom, a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho electron, e hoʻoholo ai i nā waiwai kemika o kēlā element. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā electrons waho loa (nā electrons valence) i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pilina kemika.
Kumu Hoʻohālike ʻAtomika
Mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua hoʻomohala nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻano hoʻohālike like ʻole e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā ʻātoma. Mai ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻātoma maʻalahi a Dalton a hiki i ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma a Thomson, nāna i noʻonoʻo i nā electrons e like me "nā buns raisin," a hiki i ke kumu hoʻohālike a Rutherford, nāna i hoʻolauna i ke kumumanaʻo o ka nucleus atomic. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻātoma hou i ʻae nui ʻia i kēia lā ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻohālike mechanical quantum, i hoʻolauna ʻia e Erwin Schrödinger lāua ʻo Werner Heisenberg.
Kumu Hoʻohālike Mekanika Kuantum
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike mechanical quantum kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke kumu hoʻohālike Bohr o ka ʻātoma. Ma kēia kumu hoʻohālike, ʻaʻole neʻe nā electrons i nā orbits kikoʻī, akā i loko o nā orbitals, ʻo ia nā hana makemakika e wehewehe ana i ka hiki ke loaʻa kahi electron i kahi ākea ʻekolu-dimensional. Loaʻa i kēia mau orbitals nā ʻano a me nā ikehu like ʻole, i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā subshell (s, p, d, f).
Papa Kuhikuhi o nā Elemene
ʻO ka papa ʻaina periodic, a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana periodic, he hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ko lākou helu atomika, ka hoʻonohonoho electron, a me nā waiwai kemika. ʻO ka papa ʻaina periodic a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana e nā mea noiʻi like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Dmitri Mendeleev lāua ʻo Henry Moseley.
Ka Moolelo o ka Papa Kuhikuhi
He kemika Lūkini ʻo Dmitri Mendeleev nāna i hōʻuluʻulu mua i ka papa ʻaina i ka makahiki 1869 ma muli o ke kaumaha atomika (ka nuipa atomika) a me nā waiwai kemika. Ua wānana ʻo Mendeleev i ke ola ʻana o nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia a me ko lākou mau kūlana ma ka papa ʻaina, a ua hōʻoia ʻia ma hope he pololei. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻo Henry Moseley i ka papa ʻaina a Mendeleev ma ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana i nā mea ma o ka helu atomika (ka helu o nā protons).
ʻAno o ka Papa Kuhikuhi
Ua māhele ʻia ka papa ʻaina i nā wā a me nā hui.
wā
He lālani ʻano pae ka wā ma ka papa ʻaina. Loaʻa i nā mea i loko o kahi wā ka helu like o nā pūpū uila, mai 1 (hydrogen a me helium) a i 7 (nā mea transuranium).
Pūʻulu
He kolamu kū pololei ka hui ma ka papa ʻaina manawa. Loaʻa i nā mea i loko o kahi hui ke ʻano electron valence like, ʻo ia ke kumu e loaʻa ai iā lākou nā waiwai kemika like. Ua māhele ʻia nā hui i ʻelua ʻāpana nui: ka hui nui (hui A) a me ka hui hoʻololi (hui B).
Papa Nui
ʻO nā hui nui e komo pū ana me nā hui 1 (IA) a i 18 (VIIIA), nona nā mea e like me nā metala alkali, nā metala alkaline honua, nā halogens, a me nā kinoea hanohano. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai kemika o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o kēia mau hui e ka helu o nā electrons valence.
– Hui 1: Alkali: Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mau metala pane nui lākou me hoʻokahi electron valence.
– Hui 2: Nā metala honua alkaline: Loaʻa iā lākou ka beryllium, magnesium, calcium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He pane wikiwiki loa lākou a he ʻelua mau electrons valence.
– Hui 17: Halogens: Hoʻokomo pū ʻia me ka fluorine, chlorine, bromine, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mau metala ʻole lākou me ʻehiku mau electrons valence.
– Hui 18: Nā Kinoea Hanohano: Hoʻokomo pū ʻia me ka helium, neon, argon, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He inert lākou a kākaʻikahi ka pane ʻana no ka mea he ʻewalu mau electrons valence piha ko lākou.
Pūʻulu Hoʻololi
ʻO ka hui hoʻololi e komo pū ana me nā mea mai nā hui 3 a 12, ʻo ia hoʻi nā metala me nā waiwai kino kūikawā e like me ka paʻakikī, ka hoʻokele uila a me ka wela, a me nā kiko heheʻe kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i kēia mau mea nā electrons valence i loko o nā subshell d a me f.
Nā Waiwai Kaulike o nā Elemene
ʻO nā ʻano manawa o nā mea he mau ʻano a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona i ke ʻano o nā mea i loko o ka papa manawa. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano manawa koʻikoʻi:
Radius ʻAtomika
ʻO ke anawaena atomika ka mamao mai ka nucleus a i ka electron waho loa. E emi pinepine ana ke anawaena atomika mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kahi wā no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka uku nukelea e huki kokoke i nā electrons. Eia nō naʻe, e piʻi ana ke anawaena atomika mai luna a lalo ma waena o kahi hui ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā pūpū electron.
Ikehu Ionization
ʻO ka ikehu ionization ka ikehu e pono ai e wehe i kahi electron mai kahi atom i ke ʻano kinoea. Hoʻonui ka ikehu ionization mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kahi wā no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka kaua nukelea e huki i nā electrons. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, emi ka ikehu ionization mai luna a lalo ma waena o kahi hui no ka mea ʻoi aku ka mamao o nā electrons i loko o nā pūpū waho mai ka nucleus a ʻaʻole i paʻa pono.
Ka uila ʻana
ʻO ke electronegativity ka hiki o kahi ʻātoma ke huki i nā electrons i loko o kahi pilina kemika. Hoʻonui ke electronegativity mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kahi wā a emi iho mai luna a lalo ma waena o kahi hui.
Pilina Uila
ʻO ka pilina electron ka loli ikehu e hana ʻia ke loaʻa i kahi ʻātoma kahi electron. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka pilina electron mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kahi wā a emi iho ka maikaʻi ʻole mai luna a lalo ma waena o kahi hui.
Ka hopena
He mea nui ka ʻike piha ʻana i ke ʻano atomika a me ka papa ʻaina o nā mea i loko o ke kemika. Hāʻawi ka ʻano atomika i kahi ʻike o ka hoʻonohonoho kumu a me nā waiwai o nā ʻāpana subatomic, ʻoiai ʻo ka papa ʻaina e hāʻawi i kahi ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka wānana ʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻelua, ʻaʻole mākou e loaʻa wale i ka ʻike hohonu i loko o ke kino akā ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻopili i kēlā ʻike ma ka noiʻi, ka ʻoihana, a me ka ʻenehana.
