Nā Waiwai o nā Colloids: Nā Hanana a me nā Noi
ʻO ke colloid kahi ʻōnaehana kahi i hoʻolaha like ʻia ai kahi mea microscopic i loko o kahi medium ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ke ʻano like lākou, ʻo nā colloids he mau hui heterogeneous me nā ʻāpana i ka nui mai 1 a 1000 nanometers. He mea hoihoi kēia hanana no ka mea he paʻa nā colloids a ʻaʻole e noho maʻalahi, ʻaʻole like me nā suspensions, kahi e hiki ai i nā ʻāpana nui ke noho i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā waiwai kūikawā o nā colloids a hāʻawi i ka ʻike i kā lākou noi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻoihana.
Nā ʻano Colloids
Ma mua o ke komo ʻana i loko o nā waiwai o nā colloids, he mea kōkua ke hoʻomaopopo mua i nā ʻano colloids like ʻole. Ma muli o ka pae hoʻopuehu a me ka medium dispersing, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā colloids i kekahi mau ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi:
1. Lā: He colloid i haku ʻia me kahi mea paʻa i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai (nā laʻana: pena, ʻīnika).
2. Aerosol: Colloid i haku ʻia me nā mea wai a paʻa paha i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ke kinoea (nā laʻana: noe, uahi).
3. Emulsion: He colloid i hana ʻia me kahi wai i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai (nā laʻana: waiū, mayonnaise).
4. Gel: He colloid nona ka pae i hoʻopuehu ʻia he mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi wai (laʻana: agar-agar, gelatin).
5. Huʻa: He colloid i hana ʻia me ke kinoea i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai (laʻana: huʻa kopa).
Nā Waiwai o nā Colloids
1. Ka Hopena Tyndall
ʻO kekahi o nā waiwai kaulana loa o nā colloids ʻo ia ka hopena Tyndall. Hana ʻia ka hopena Tyndall i ka wā e hālāwai ai ka mālamalama me nā ʻāpana colloidal a hoʻopuehu ʻia e lākou, e hana ana i nā ala mālamalama ʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole hana ʻia kēia hanana i nā hopena maoli, kahi i liʻiliʻi loa ai nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama.
ʻO ka hopena Tyndall ke kumu e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka lā ma o ka noe a nānā paha i ke ala o ke kukui i loko o kahi lumi lepo ma o ka puka makani hāmama. Ma muli o kēia hanana, hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena Tyndall i loko o ka hale hana e ʻike ai inā he colloid kahi hui ʻana a ʻaʻole paha.
2. Neʻe ʻana o Brownian
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian ka neʻe zigzag maʻamau o nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kuʻi ʻana me nā molekala o ka mea hoʻopuehu. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia neʻe e ka mea ʻepekema ʻo Robert Brown i ka makahiki 1827 i ka wā e aʻo ana i ka pollen i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka wai. Hōʻoia ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian i ke kūpaʻa o nā colloids, e pale ana i nā ʻāpana mai ka noho ʻana ma muli o ke kaumaha.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia hanana ma lalo o kahi microscope a hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e launa pū mau ana nā ʻāpana colloidal me kā lākou medium dispersing.
3. Hoʻopili ʻana
ʻO ka Adsorption kahi hanana kahi e huki ai nā ʻāpana colloidal a mālama i nā molekala a i ʻole nā iona kikoʻī ma ko lākou mau ʻili. ʻO kēia waiwai e hoʻolilo i nā colloids i mea kūpono loa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, ka mālama ʻana, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe he nui. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻāpana kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia he mau colloids i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kānana wai e adsorb i nā haumia a me nā mea ʻino mai ka wai.
Hiki i ka adsorption ma nā ʻāpana colloidal ke lilo i mea pono i ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka hoʻolālā lāʻau lapaʻau e pono ai ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea hana i loko o ke kino.
4. ʻŌpū Colloidal
ʻO ka sputtering colloidal kahi hanana kahi e paʻi ai nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻopiʻi like ʻia kekahi i kekahi, e hopena ana i kahi hoʻopuehu paʻa loa. Hiki i nā ʻāpana colloidal ke hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia a maikaʻi ʻole paha, a ʻo nā mana repulsive ma waena o lākou e pale aku iā lākou mai ka hui pū ʻana.
ʻO kēia ke kumu ma hope o ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau ʻano colloids. No ka laʻana, i loko o ke kino kanaka, ʻo nā protein plasma koko he mau colloids e pale ai i ke koko mai ka hoʻopili ʻana a mālama i ke kūlike o ke kahe koko.
5. Hoʻopili ʻana
ʻO ka coagulation ke kaʻina hana e hui pū ai nā ʻāpana colloidal e hana i nā hōʻiliʻili nui aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻokaʻawale paha mai ka medium dispersing. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā e hoʻopau ʻia ai ka uku ma luna o nā ʻāpana colloidal, e kahi electrolyte a i ʻole kekahi mea coagulating ʻē aʻe.
He mea nui ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana mālama wai ʻino e hoʻokaʻawale i nā colloids mai ka wai ʻino. Pono nō hoʻi ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea inu e like me ka pia a me nā wai huaʻai e wehe i nā mea pono ʻole.
6. Dialysis
ʻO ka Dialysis kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana colloidal mai nā ion liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā molekala i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma o kahi membrane semi-permeable. He mea pono kēia kaʻina hana i nā ʻoihana biochemical a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā protein a me nā ʻāpana olaola ʻē aʻe i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā hopena colloidal.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Dialysis he ʻano hana lapaʻau no nā poʻe maʻi me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻupaʻa, kahi e lawe ai kahi mīkini dialysis i ka hana o nā puʻupaʻa e kānana i ke koko mai nā mea ʻawahia a me nā ion pono ʻole.
7. Electrophoresis
ʻO ka Electrophoresis e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i loko o kahi kahua uila. E neʻe nā ʻāpana i ka electrode me ka uku kū'ē. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka biochemistry a me ka biology molecular e hoʻokaʻawale a kālailai i nā molekala nui e like me DNA, RNA, a me nā protein e pili ana i ko lākou uku a me ka nui.
ʻO ka electrophoresis gel kekahi o nā hana i ʻike nui ʻia, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i loko o kahi gel e pili ana i ko lākou hoʻopiʻi a hoʻopili ʻia kahi kahua uila.
Nā noi Colloid
Ma muli o nā waiwai i kūkākūkā ʻia, noho nā colloids i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻano he nui o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana nui o nā colloids penei:
1. Ka Hoʻōla Wai
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana colloidal i nā ʻōnaehana mālama wai e wehe i nā haumia a me nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka adsorption a me ka coagulation ʻelua mau kaʻina hana nui e hoʻohana ana i nā waiwai o nā colloids e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai.
2. Hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau
I ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā colloids ma ke ʻano he kumu no nā lāʻau hoʻopunipuni ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa a me ka hiki ke mālama a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea hana ma ke ʻano hiki ke ana ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā emulsions colloidal a me nā gels i nā poni, nā kirīmi, a me nā lotions.
3. ʻOihana Meaʻai
I ka ʻoihana meaʻai, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā colloids i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā huahana. ʻO ka waiū, ka yogurt, ka mayonnaise, a me ka jelly he mau laʻana o nā huahana he mau ʻōnaehana colloidal maoli nō. ʻO ke kūpaʻa a me ke kūlike o kēia mau huahana e pili ana i nā waiwai kūikawā o nā colloids.
4. Nā mea hoʻonani
ʻO nā huahana nani e like me nā kirīmi, nā lotion, a me nā shampoos ka hopena o ka ʻenehana colloidal. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka emulsion a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea hana i kāohi ʻia nā kumu nui e hoʻohana nui ʻia ai nā colloids i nā huahana hoʻonani.
5. ʻenehana nano
Hoʻohana ka Nanotechnology i nā waiwai o nā colloids e hana i nā mea me nā ʻano kikoʻī loa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids metala a i ʻole nā nanoparticles i nā sensor, nā catalysts, a me nā ʻano hana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā waiwai o nā colloids e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau hanana hoihoi i ka kemika kino, a he ʻokoʻa kā lākou hoʻohana pono ʻana. Mai ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki i ka meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻonani, ua hōʻoia ʻia nā colloids he mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano kūikawā o nā colloids e wehe i ka puka i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā noi hou a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana hou ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
