Nā Pūnaewele Gurumuda
Nā gratings diffraction - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā
1. Hoʻomālamalama ʻia kahi grating me 4000 mau ʻāpana no ke kenimika me kahi kukui monochromatic a hoʻopuka i ka laina ʻālohilohi lua-papa ma kahi kihi 30°. He aha ka nalu o ke kukui i hoʻohana ʻia? (1 Å = 10 -10 m)
ʻIke ʻia:
ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻoki (d) = 1 / (4000 ʻoki / kenimika) = 0.00025 kenimika = 2.5 x 10 -4 kenimika = 2.5 x 10 -6 mika
Kauoha (n) = 2
Sin 30 o = 0.5
1 Å = 10 -10 m
Nā kuʻi ʻana inelastic
ʻAʻole pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic i nā kuʻi inelastic. Pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka momentum i nā kuʻi inelastic inā ʻaʻohe ikaika o waho e hana ma luna o nā mea ʻelua e kuʻi ana. I loko o kahi kuʻi inelastic, pili pū nā mea ʻelua a i ʻole e pili kekahi i kekahi ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana.
Laʻana nīnau 1.
ʻElua mau mea o ke kaumaha like, ʻo ia hoʻi he 1 kg. Neʻe ka mea 1 ma luna o kahi mokulele pālahalaha ma ka wikiwiki o 10 m/s a kuʻi me ka mea ʻelua e noho mālie ana. Ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, pili pū nā mea ʻelua. He aha ka wikiwiki o nā mea ʻelua ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana?
Nā kuʻi ʻana hapa elastic
I nā kuʻi ʻana hapa elastic, pili ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic. I ka manawa e hana ʻia ai kahi kuʻi ʻana, hoʻololi ʻia kekahi ikehu kinetic i ka ikehu kani, ka ikehu wela, a me ka ikehu kūloko. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo elastic e hōʻike ana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole e pili pū nā mea ʻelua akā e lele aku.
ʻO kahi laʻana o ke kuʻi elastic hapa ʻo ia ke kuʻi hoʻokahi-dimensional o ʻelua mau kinikini a i ʻole ʻelua mau pōpō wai.
Ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum linear
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum linear inā ʻaʻohe ikaika o waho e hana ana ma luna o ʻelua mau mea e kuʻi ana, ua like ka momentum o nā mea ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana me ka momentum o nā mea ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana.
p 1 + p 2 = p 1 ' + p 2 ' ………………….. Kaulike 1.4
m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = m 1 v 1 ' + m 2 v 2 '
Inā pili pū nā mea ʻelua ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana,
m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = (m 1 + m 2 ) v'
Nā kuʻi elastic kūpono
Ua kapa ʻia kahi kuʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻelua he kuʻi elastic kūpono inā like ka momentum a i ʻole ka ikehu kinetic o kēlā me kēia mea ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana me ka momentum a me ka ikehu kinetic o kēlā me kēia mea ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, pili ke kānāwai mālama momentum a me ke kānāwai mālama ikehu kinetic i nā kuʻi elastic kūpono. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo elastic e hōʻike ana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole e pili pū nā mea ʻelua a ʻaʻole hoʻi e pili kekahi i kekahi akā e lele aku. Mālama ʻia ka momentum o kēlā me kēia mea.
Ua mālama ʻia ka momentum o kēlā me kēia mea.
Kumumanaʻo ikehu hana-mekanika
ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo ikehu hana-kinetic ua like ka hana upena a i ʻole ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ikaika upena me ka loli o ka ikehu kinetic.
ʻupena W = TO t – TO o = 1⁄2 m(v t 2 – v o 2 )
W upena = Aia ʻelua ʻano o nā ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ikaika conservative, a me ka ikaika non-conservative. No laila, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka hana upena he hana i hana ʻia e kahi ikaika conservative a me ka hana i hana ʻia e kahi ikaika non-conservative.
W c + W nc = ΔKE
Ka hana i hana ʻia e nā mana conservative Ka ikehu hiki
E nānā i kahi mea e neʻe ana i luna a laila hoʻi i kona kūlana mua ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke neʻe nei ka mea i luna aʻe, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o ka mea. Ke neʻe nei ka mea i luna, piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea. No laila, piʻi pū ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ua like ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i hana ʻia e ke kaumaha me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka mea (PE).
Mana hoʻomalu a me ka mana hoʻomalu ʻole
1. Pūʻali Koa Hoʻomalu
1.1 Kaumaha (w)
E nānā i kahi mea e neʻe kū pololei ana i luna a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i lalo i kona kūlana mua. Ke neʻe kū pololei ana i luna ma o h, ua kūʻē ke kaumaha i ke kuhikuhi mai ka neʻe ʻana. No laila, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o ka mea.
W = wh (cos 180 o ) = – wh = – mgh
Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe loa, neʻe ka mea i lalo i kona kūlana mua ma o h. Ke neʻe i lalo, aia ke kaumaha ma ke kuhikuhi like me ka neʻe ʻana. No ka mea aia ia ma ke kuhikuhi like me ka neʻe ʻana, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi.
Kumumanaʻo o ka Ikehu Hana-Kinetic
Inā hana ka ikaika ʻupena ma luna o kahi mea, ʻike ka mea i ka wikiwiki (ʻike ka mea i ka neʻe ʻana). Ke ʻike ka mea i ka wikiwiki, loli ka wikiwiki o ka mea. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, pili ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ikaika ʻupena i ka wikiwiki mua a me ka wikiwiki hope o ka mea.
ʻO ka hana i hana ʻia ma luna o kahi mea ma o ka ikaika mau:
ʻupena W = ΣF s
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai ʻelua o Newton inā he ikaika ʻupena e hana ana ma kahi mea, e hoʻolalelale ʻia ka mea.
Ka hana i hana ʻia me ka ikaika
1.1 Wehewehena o ka Hana
Inā ʻoe e paʻi i kahi puke ma luna o ka papaʻaina a hiki i ka wā e neʻe ai ka puke, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hana ʻoe i ka hana ma luna o ka puke. Inā hāʻule kahi mea i ka honua ma muli o ka huki ʻana o ka ikaika umekaumaha, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hana ka ikaika umekaumaha ma luna o ka mea. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā ʻoe e paʻi i kahi mea me kou ikaika a pau a hiki i ka wā e hou nui ai ʻoe, akā ʻaʻole neʻe iki ka mea, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻoe i hana i ka mea. I ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, hiki i ka poʻe ke ʻōlelo ua hana nui ʻoe ma ka paʻi ʻana i ka mea akā ma ka Physics, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana ma luna o ka mea no ka mea ʻaʻohe neʻe ʻana o ka mea.