Nā Mea ma nā ʻĀpana Subatomic
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa a mākou e ʻike nei, me kona mau galaxies nui, nā hōkū ʻālohilohi, nā hōkūhele like ʻole, a me nā meaola ola a pau, ua hana ʻia me nā poloka kūkulu kumu like: nā ʻāpana subatomic. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kihi o ka mea, e wehewehe ana i ko mākou ʻike i ka physics, kemika, a ma waho aku. Ke komo nei kēia ʻatikala i loko o ke kahua hoihoi o nā ʻāpana subatomic, e hoʻomālamalama ana i ko lākou ʻano, nā ʻano, a me ke kuleana i ka uhi nui o ke cosmos.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā ʻĀpana Subatomic
I kona ʻano maʻalahi loa, ua haku ʻia nā mea me nā ʻātoma, i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke māhele ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi ke kenekulia 20 i ko mākou ʻike me ka ʻike ʻana he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi nā ʻātoma: nā ʻāpana subatomic. ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o nā ʻāpana subatomic i hoʻohui ʻia i ke ʻano o kahi ʻātoma: nā proton, nā neutron, a me nā electrons. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻāpana nā waiwai kū hoʻokahi a hana i nā hana kūikawā.
Nā proton
He mau ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā proton e koe ana i loko o ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma. Me ka nuipaʻa o 1 anakahi nuipaʻa atomika (amu), he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā proton i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike o kahi mea. ʻO ka helu o nā proton, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka helu atomika, e hoʻoholo i ka mea e hōʻike ana kahi ʻātoma. No ka laʻana, he ʻātoma me ʻeono protons he kalapona, ʻoiai he ʻātoma me ʻewalu protons he oxygen. He mea koʻikoʻi ka nuipaʻa a me ka hoʻopiʻi o ka proton i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā waiwai o ka nucleus a me ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻātoma.
Nā Neutron
He mau ʻāpana uila kūʻokoʻa nā Neutron, aia nō hoʻi i loko o ka nucleus atomika. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe uku uila, he like ka nui o nā neutron me nā protons, ma kahi o 1 amu. ʻO ke alo o nā neutrons e kōkua nui i ke kūpaʻa o ka nucleus atomika. ʻO nā mea me ka helu like o nā protons akā ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā neutrons ua kapa ʻia ʻo isotopes, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ko lākou mau waiwai kino e like me ke kūpaʻa a me ke ʻano radioactive. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko Neutrons i nā hopena nukelea a me ka synthesis o nā mea kaumaha i nā hōkū.
Uila
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā protons a me nā neutrons, he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa nā electrons me kahi nuipa liʻiliʻi (ma kahi o 1/1836 o ka nuipa o ka proton) a me kahi uku uila maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻopuni nā electrons i ka nucleus ma nā wahi i kapa ʻia he mau ao electron a i ʻole nā orbitals atomic, akā ua hoʻomalu ʻia ko lākou kūlana pololei a me ka momentum e nā kumumanaʻo o ka mechanics quantum. Hoʻoholo nā electrons i nā waiwai kemika o kahi ʻātoma a pehea e launa pū ai me nā ʻātoma ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i nā pilina e hana ana i nā molekala a me nā hui. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me nā pae ikehu o nā electrons ke kikowaena i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena kemika a me nā spectra o nā mea.
Ke Kumu Hoʻohālike Maʻamau
Ma waho aʻe o nā protons, neutrons, a me nā electrons, ke ʻimi nei ke kahua o ka physics particle i nā particles kumu hou aʻe ma o ke Standard Model. Hoʻokaʻawale ke Standard Model i nā particles subatomic i ʻike ʻia i ʻelua mau pūʻulu: fermions a me bosons. ʻO Fermions nā particles mea, ʻoiai ʻo bosons nā mea lawe ikaika e hoʻoponopono i nā pilina ma waena o nā particles mea.
Nā Fermion
Ua māhele hou ʻia nā Fermions i nā quarks a me nā leptons. Hoʻohui nā Quarks e hana i nā protons a me nā neutrons. ʻEono ʻano o nā quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, a me bottom. Hana ʻia nā protons me ʻelua quarks up a me hoʻokahi quark down, ʻoiai ʻo nā neutrons he ʻelua quarks down a me hoʻokahi quark up. Loaʻa i nā Quarks kahi waiwai i kapa ʻia ʻo color charge, a launa pū lākou ma o ka ikaika ikaika, i hoʻopili ʻia e nā gluons.
ʻO nā leptons e komo pū ana me nā electrons, muons, nā ʻāpana tau, a me kā lākou neutrinos pili (electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, a me tau neutrinos). Ma waho aʻe o nā electrons, komo nā leptons ʻē aʻe i nā kaʻina hana ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ala palaho, e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā mea hoʻolalelale ʻāpana.
Nā Boson
ʻO nā Bosons nā ʻāpana e lawe ana i nā mana kumu o ke kūlohelohe. ʻO nā mana kumu ʻehā, ʻo ia ka umekaumaha, ka electromagnetism, ka mana nukelea nāwaliwali, a me ka mana nukelea ikaika. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia mana e kahi boson pili:
– Photon: ʻO ka mea lawe o ka mana electromagnetic, kuleana no nā pilina e pili ana i ka mālamalama a me ka electromagnetism.
– Gluons: Hoʻopili i ka ikaika nukelea ikaika, ka mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā quark i loko o nā protons a me nā neutrons.
– W a me Z Bosons: Kuleana no ka ikaika nukelea nāwaliwali, ka mea e hoʻomalu ana i kekahi mau ʻano palaho radioactive a me nā pilina ʻāpana.
– Graviton (kuhikuhi): Manaʻo ʻia e lilo i mea waena o ka ikaika umekaumaha, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO ka Mechanics Quantum a me ka Particle Physics
ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe piha ʻia ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana subatomic e ka physics kuʻuna. ʻO ka mechanics Quantum, kahi kihi o ka physics hou, hāʻawi i kahi ʻōnaehana makemakika no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā probabilities a me nā mea maopopo ʻole i loko o ke aupuni subatomic. ʻO nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi e like me ka wave-particle duality, ke kumumanaʻo maopopo ʻole o Heisenberg, a me ka quantum entanglement e hoʻokūkū i kā mākou mau manaʻo kuʻuna o ke alo a me ka launa pū ʻana.
I loko o nā mechanics quantum, hōʻike nā ʻāpana i nā ʻano like me ka nalu a me nā ʻāpana. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā electrons ke hana e like me nā nalu, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano hoʻopilikia, akā e like me nā ʻāpana, e kuʻi ana kekahi i kekahi. Ke hōʻoia nei ke kumumanaʻo maopopo ʻole o Heisenberg ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻoholo i ke kūlana a me ka momentum o kahi ʻāpana me ka pololei palena ʻole, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano probabilistic kūloko o nā kūlana quantum.
Nā Noiʻi a me nā Noiʻi ʻOi Loa
ʻO nā hale hana holomua e like me nā mea hoʻolalelale particle, e like me ka Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ma CERN, e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke noiʻi i ke aupuni subatomic i nā ikehu i ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia e like me ka Higgs boson, ka mea e hāʻawi i ka nui o nā particles ma o ke kahua Higgs, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi hoʻomau i ka physics particle.
Ua alakaʻi ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana subatomic i nā holomua ʻenehana kupaianaha. Hoʻohana ka helu Quantum i nā kumumanaʻo o ka superposition quantum a me ka entanglement e hana i nā helu ʻana ma mua o nā kamepiula kuʻuna. Hoʻohana ke kiʻi lapaʻau, e like me nā scan PET, i ka positron-electron annihilation e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā ʻano kino o loko.
Panina
ʻO nā ʻāpana subatomic ke kahua paʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka mea. Mai ka maʻalahi o nā protons, neutrons, a me nā electrons a hiki i nā ʻano paʻakikī o nā quarks, leptons, a me nā bosons, ʻo kēia mau ʻāpana ke kumu o nā hanana kino āpau. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻāpana subatomic e hoʻohiki e ʻeli i nā mea huna cosmic hohonu, e hoʻokele ana i ka holomua i ka ʻepekema, ka ʻenehana, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ko kākou ao holoʻokoʻa.
