Ka Wehewehe ʻana e pili ana i nā Electrons a me nā Protons
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā poloka kūkulu kumu o ka mea he kihi ia o ka ʻepekema hou. Ma ka puʻuwai o ke kumumanaʻo atomika aia nā electrons a me nā protons, nā ʻāpana e hoʻopili ana i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā ʻātoma. Ke luʻu nei kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano, nā waiwai, a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā electrons a me nā protons, e hōʻike ana i ka hula paʻakikī e pāʻani ana ma ke aupuni o nā ʻāpana subatomic.
Ka ʻIke ʻia ʻana o nā Electrons a me nā Protons
Uila
Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā electrons e ke kanaka loea kino Pelekane ʻo JJ Thomson i ka makahiki 1897. Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua a Thomson me nā kukuna cathode i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma mua o nā ʻātoma. Ua hōʻike kāna ʻike ʻana i kahi hoʻololi paradigm i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano atomika, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike electron kahi e hoʻopuni ai nā electrons i ka nucleus, e like me nā hōkūhele a puni kahi hōkū.
Nā proton
ʻOiai, ua ʻike ʻia nā protons e Ernest Rutherford ma hope mai i ka makahiki 1917 ma o kāna hana ma nā ʻāpana alpha. I ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka wā e paʻi ai lākou i kahi pahuhopu kikoʻī, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Rutherford he pono i nā ʻātoma ke loaʻa kahi ʻōpū paʻa a hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia nucleus he mau protons, kēlā me kēia e lawe ana i kahi hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole o nā electrons.
Nā Waiwai Kumu o nā Electrons
He mau ʻāpana subatomic nā electrons me ka nuipaʻa ma kahi o 9.109 x 10^-31 kilokani, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 1/1836 ka nuipaʻa o kahi proton. He 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs ko lākou mau ukana maikaʻi ʻole. Loaʻa nā electrons ma nā wahi a puni ka nucleus i ʻike ʻia he mau ao electron a i ʻole orbitals, kahi e noho ai lākou ma nā pae ikehu e like me nā loina o ka mechanics quantum.
Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā Elekona a me nā Mekanika Kuantum
Ua hoʻololi ka mechanics quantum i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka electron, e hoʻolauna ana i ke kumumanaʻo o nā densities probability ma kahi o nā orbits paʻa. Noho nā electrons i nā pae ikehu discrete a i ʻole nā pūpū, i kapa ʻia ʻo K, L, M, a pēlā aku, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mamao mai ka nucleus. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā electrons i loko o kēia mau pūpū a me nā subshell (s, p, d, f) e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai kemika o kahi ʻātoma.
Hōʻike nā electrons i nā ʻano like me nā ʻāpana a me nā nalu, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e ka kuhiakau de Broglie a hōʻike ʻia e nā hanana e like me ka diffraction electron. He mea nui kēia ʻano pālua i ke ʻano o nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma a me nā molekala, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pilina kemika, ka omo ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mālamalama, a me nā pilina ʻē aʻe me ka unahi atomika.
Nā Waiwai Kumu o nā Protons
He mau ʻāpana subatomic nā proton i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma, me ka nuipaʻa ma kahi o 1.673 x 10^-27 kilokani, ma kahi o 1836 manawa o ka nuipaʻa o kahi electron. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia proton kahi uku maikaʻi o 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, e kaulike pono ana i ka ukupaʻa o kahi electron akā me ka polarity ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka helu o nā protons i loko o kahi nucleus, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka helu atomika (Z), e wehewehe ana i ka element. No ka laʻana, hoʻokahi proton ko ka hydrogen, e hana ana i kāna helu atomika he 1, ʻoiai ʻeono protons ko ke kalapona, e kūlike ana i ka helu atomika o 6. ʻO kēia helu atomika ke kuhikuhi nei i ka ʻike a me ke kūlana o ka element ma ka papa periodic.
Ka Mana Nukelea Ikaika
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā proton i loko o ka nucleus e ka ikaika nucleus ikaika, kekahi o nā ikaika kumu ʻehā ma ke ʻano. ʻOiai ko lākou hoʻouka maikaʻi, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka repulsion electrostatic i waena o lākou, ua lawa ka ikaika o ka ikaika nucleus ikaika e hoʻopaʻa i nā protons me nā neutrons, e hana ana i nā nuclei paʻa. Hana kēia ikaika ma kahi mamao pōkole loa, e like me ka nui o nā nuclei atomika.
Ka pilina o nā electrons a me nā protons
Paʻa ʻAtomika
ʻO ke kūpaʻa o kahi ʻātoma he kaulike akahele ia ma waena o ka ikaika hoʻowalewale i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā protons a me ka launa pū ʻana o nā electrons me kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka nucleus, nona nā protons (a me nā neutrons maʻamau), huki i nā electrons e hoʻopuni ana, e hoʻopaʻa ana iā lākou i loko o kā lākou mau orbits. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia huki electrostatic no ke kūpaʻa holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻātoma.
Ke loaʻa i kahi ʻātoma ka helu like o nā protons a me nā electrons, he kūlike ʻole ia me ka uila. Eia nō naʻe, inā loaʻa a nalowale paha nā electrons, lilo ka ʻātoma i ion. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia (cations) ke nalowale nā electrons i kahi ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo nā ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (anions) e loaʻa i ka ʻātoma ke loaʻa nā electrons. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau ion i nā hopena kemika a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hui.
Hoopaa Kemika
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā electrons a me nā protons ke kikowaena o ka hoʻopaʻa kemika. I loko o nā pilina covalent, kaʻana like nā ʻātoma i nā hui o nā electrons e hoʻokō i nā hoʻonohonoho electron paʻa, e like me nā kinoea hanohano. No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi mole wai (H2O), kaʻana like ka oxygen i nā electrons me ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen.
I loko o nā pilina ionic, hoʻoili nā ʻātoma i nā electrons kekahi i kekahi, e hopena ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ions me nā uku kū'ē, e huki ana kekahi i kekahi ma ke ʻano electrostatic. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ʻo ka sodium chloride (NaCl), kahi e nalowale ai ka sodium i kahi electron e lilo i ion Na+, a loaʻa i ka chlorine kahi electron e lilo i ion Cl-, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi lattice ionic paʻa.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Electrons a me nā Protons
Ma ke Kemika
He mea nui nā electrons a me nā protons i nā hopena kemika a me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā molekala. Kuhikuhi lākou i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o nā ʻātoma, ka hui pū ʻana, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana, e hoʻomālamalama ana i nā kaʻina hana mai nā hopena kemika maʻalahi loa a hiki i nā ala biochemical paʻakikī. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka papa periodic ponoʻī ma muli o nā waiwai o kēia mau ʻāpana subatomic, e alakaʻi ana i nā chemists i ka wānana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea.
Ma ka ʻenehana a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau
Ua alakaʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā electrons a me nā protons i nā holomua ʻenehana koʻikoʻi. Hilinaʻi nā mea uila i ke kahe o nā electrons i kāohi ʻia, e hiki ai ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā kamepiula, nā kelepona akamai, a me nā mea uila he nui ʻole. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hilinaʻi nā ʻano hana e like me MRI i ke ʻano o nā protons i loko o ke kino e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī kūloko, e hoʻololi ana i nā hiki diagnostic.
Panina
ʻO nā electrons a me nā protons ke kahua o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka atomika. ʻO kā lākou ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko lākou mau waiwai ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka holomua ʻana i ka kemika, physics, a me nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe he nui. Ma ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pilina a me nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻāpana subatomic, hoʻomau nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka wehe ʻana i nā mea huna o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻohana ana i ko lākou ʻike e hoʻokele i ka holomua ʻenehana a hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ke ao kūlohelohe.
