pH o nā waikawa a me nā kumu: Nā kumu kemika āu e pono ai e ʻike
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka pH kahi anakahi no ke ana ʻana i ka acidity a i ʻole ka alkalinity o kahi hopena. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka pH kahi mea nui i ka kemika, he mea nui loa ia i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana like ʻole, nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. E ʻimi pono kēia ʻatikala i ka pH o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, me ko lākou wehewehe ʻana, ka hoʻoholo ʻana, a me nā noi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ka pH
ʻO ke anakahi pH mai ka huaʻōlelo Latina "potentia hydrogenii," ʻo ia hoʻi 'mana o ka hydrogen.' ʻO ka pH ke ana o ka hana o nā iona hydrogen (H+) i loko o kahi hopena. Loaʻa ka pālākiō pH mai ka 0 a i ka 14, kahi:
– Ua manaʻo ʻia he kū ʻole ka pH 7, e like me ka wai maʻemaʻe.
– ʻo ka pH ma lalo o 7 e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai waikawa.
– ʻO ka pH ma luna o 7 e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai alkaline.
pālākiō pH
I mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka pālākiō pH, he mea nui e ʻike he pālākiō logarithmic ia. ʻO kēlā me kēia loli hoʻokahi-unit i ka pH e hōʻike ana i kahi loli he ʻumi manawa i ka hana ion H+. No ka laʻana, ʻo kahi hopena me ka pH o 3 he ʻumi manawa ʻoi aku ka waikawa ma mua o kahi hopena me ka pH o 4.
Ka Wehewehena o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu
He mea hoʻokuʻu ka waikawa i nā iona hydrogen (H+) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā waikawa i loaʻa pinepine i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl) i loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka waikawa citric i loko o nā ʻalani.
ʻO ke kumu, a i ʻole alkali, he mea ia e hiki ke ʻae i nā iona hydrogen a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā iona hydroxide (OH-) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) a me ka potassium hydroxide (KOH) he mau laʻana o nā kumu ikaika i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka ʻoihana.
Hoʻoholo pH
Hiki ke ana ʻia ka pH o kahi hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano hana:
1. Nā Hōʻailona Waikawa-Kumu: Hiki i nā pepa Litmus a me nā hopena hōʻailona e like me ka phenolphthalein a i ʻole bromothymol blue ke hāʻawi i kahi kuhi maʻamau o ka pH. Hoʻololi ke kala o ka hōʻailona ma muli o ka pH o ka hopena e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei.
2. Ka Mīkini pH: No nā ana pololei, hoʻohana ʻia kahi mika pH kikohoʻe. Ana kēia mea hana i ka hiki ke uila ma waena o nā electrodes ʻelua, a laila hoʻololi ʻia i kahi waiwai pH.
3. Titration ʻAkika-Kumu: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o kahi waikawa a kumu paha i loko o kahi hopena. Pili ka Titration i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi hopena o ka nui a me ka nui i ʻike ʻia a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hopena ma waena o nā hopena ʻelua.
Nā ʻakika i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā
He nui nā kuleana koʻikoʻi o nā waikawa i ko mākou ola:
1. Nā ʻakika i ka meaʻai: Loaʻa i nā meaʻai he nui nā ʻakika kūlohelohe, e like me ka vīnega (ʻakika acetic) a me nā huaʻai e like me nā lemona a me nā ʻalani (ʻakika citric). Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻakika ma ke ʻano he mea mālama meaʻai.
2. Nā ʻakika ma ka ʻoihana: ʻO ka ʻakika sulfuric (H2SO4) kekahi o nā huahana kemika koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā kemika ʻoihana, a me ka hana ʻana i ka metala.
3. Hana Olaola o ka ʻAkika: ʻO ka waikawa ʻōpū, nona ka waikawa hydrochloric, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka meaʻai i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā waikawa amino nā poloka kūkulu o nā protein e pono ai no ke ola.
Nā Kumu i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
Loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo nā ʻano noi like ʻole:
1. Nā Alkaline i loko o ka Hale: ʻO nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale e like me ka bleach a me nā detergents he alkaline pinepine no ka mea he kūpono lākou i ka wāwahi ʻana i ka lepo a me ka momona.
2. Nā Kumu ma ka ʻOihana: Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu i ka hana ʻana i ke kopa a me ka pepa, a me ka hana ʻana i ka wai a me ka lole. ʻO ka sodium carbonate (soda lehu) kahi kumu maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana aniani.
3. Ola kino: ʻO nā antacid kahi laʻana o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopau i ka waikawa o ka ʻōpū keu a hōʻemi i nā hōʻailona o ka puʻuwai.
Nā Hana ʻAkika-Kumu
ʻO ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa a me ke kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo neutralization. Ma kēia hopena, hana ka waikawa a me ke kumu e hana i ka wai a me ka paʻakai. ʻO ke kaulike laulā no kēia hopena:
\[ \text{ʻAkika} + \text{Kumu} \rightarrow \text{Paʻakai} + \text{Wai} \]
ʻO kahi laʻana maʻalahi o kahi hopena neutralization ka hoʻohui ʻana o HCl me NaOH:
\[ \kikokikona{HCl} + \kikokikona{NaOH} \rightarrow \kikokikona{NaCl} + \kikokikona{H}_2\kikokikona{O} \]
Hōʻike kēia hopena pehea e hiki ai i nā mea me nā waiwai waikawa a me nā waiwai kumu ikaika ke loli i nā mea me nā waiwai kūlike ʻole.
aooa
He hopena ka buffer e mālama ana i ka pH paʻa ʻoiai ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu. He mea nui nā buffer no nā kaʻina hana biochemical he nui i loko o nā meaola ola. No ka laʻana, mālama nā buffer i loko o ke koko i ka pH koko i loko o kahi pae haiki, he mea nui ia no ka hana maʻamau o ke kino.
ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o kahi buffer he waikawa nāwaliwali a me kona kumu hui a i ʻole he kumu nāwaliwali a me kona waikawa hui. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa acetic a me ka sodium acetate e hana i kahi buffer e mālama ana i ka pH ma kahi o 4.75.
Nā Hoʻohana o ka ʻEpekema pH ma nā ʻAno like ʻole
1. Mahiʻai: Hoʻopilikia ka pH lepo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai i nā mea kanu. Hoʻohana pinepine nā mahiʻai i ka pH lepo e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻomomona e pono ai. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka lepo i ʻakika loa a alkaline paha ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lime (e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pH) a i ʻole ka sulfur (e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH).
2. Kaiapuni: ʻO ka pH o ka wai i loko o nā muliwai a me nā loko he hōʻailona ia o ke olakino o nā kaiaolaola wai. ʻO ka wai i ʻakika loa ma muli o ka ua waikawa hiki ke hōʻino i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona wai.
3. Nā lāʻau lapaʻau: I ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki i ka pH ke hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa o nā mea hana. Pono ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e hōʻoia i ka pH kūpono no kā lākou huahana e mālama i ka pono a me ka palekana o ka lāʻau.
4. Nā mea hoʻonani: Loaʻa i nā huahana mālama ʻili a me ka lauoho kahi pH i hoʻoponopono ʻia e hōʻemi i ka huhū a mālama i ka ʻili a me ka lauoho olakino.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka pH o nā waikawa a me nā kumu he manaʻo nui ia i ka kemika nona ka hopena ākea i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka pH a pehea e ana ai he mea nui ia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia ʻike i ka hoʻomohala huahana, ka hoʻokele kaiapuni, ka mahiʻai, ke olakino, a me nā mea hou aku. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻike e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou ola a me ka pono o ko mākou kaiapuni.
