Nā Organelles: Nā Kiaʻi o ke Kauoha Kelepona
ʻO nā meaola ola, mai nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me ka bacteria a hiki i nā mea paʻakikī loa e like me ke kanaka, ua hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ola i ʻike ʻia he mau cell. ʻOiai he nui nā ʻano a me nā nui o nā cell, ua kaʻana like lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana a ola. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka organelle, kahi ʻano kūikawā i loko o ke cell e hana ana i nā hana kikoʻī e pono ai ke ola o ke cell.
He aha ka Organelle?
He mau ʻano iwi nā organelle i loko o nā cell nona kēlā me kēia hana kūikawā. Hana lākou e like me nā ʻano liʻiliʻi (no laila ka inoa "organelle") a ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano o nā cell eukaryotic. E like me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano i loko o ke kino kanaka i nā hana kikoʻī, he kuleana kūikawā ko kēlā me kēia organelle.
Nā ʻano o nā Organelles
Eia kekahi o nā organelles nui i loaʻa i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic kanaka a me kā lākou mau hana:
1. Nucleus: ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ke kikowaena kaohi o ke kelepona, mālama ka nucleus i nā mea genetic ma ke ʻano o ka DNA. ʻO ka hana nui o ka nucleus ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona, ka metabolism, a me ka hana hou ʻana ma ka mālama ʻana a me ke kope ʻana i ka ʻike genetic. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka nucleus ʻo ia ka nucleolus, nona ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana o ka ribosome.
2. Mitochondria: I kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "nā hale mana o ke kelepona," ʻo mitochondria ke kahua o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka hana ʻana o ATP (adenosine triphosphate), ka molekole ikehu mua i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kelepona. Loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou DNA ponoʻī a ua manaʻo ʻia ua puka mai kahi kūpuna endosymbiotic o nā bacteria kahiko.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ʻO ka ER kahi pūnaewele o nā membrane e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka protein a me ka lipid. ʻElua ʻano o ka ER, ʻo ia hoʻi:
– ʻO ka ER ʻāwili: Uhi ʻia e nā ribosomes a he kuleana koʻikoʻi kāna i ka hana ʻana o nā protein.
– Smooth ER: ʻAʻohe ona ribosomes a he kuleana kona i ka hana ʻana o nā lipid a me ka detoxification o nā mea ʻawahia.
4. Mea hana Golgi: Kuleana no ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā protein a me nā lipid no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ke kelepona a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kelepona.
5. Lysosomes: Loaʻa nā enzymes digestive e wāwahi i nā macromolecules i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hana hou i nā mea cell i pau.
6. Peroxisomes: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā ʻōpū i ka metabolism o nā waikawa momona a me ka detoxification o nā mea ʻawahia. Hoʻopuka a wāwahi kēia mau ʻōpū i ka peroxide, kahi hopena hiki ke hōʻino i ka metabolism o nā cell.
7. Ribosomes: ʻOiai ʻaʻole i manaʻo mau ʻia he mau organelles maoli no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane, he mau mīkini molekala nā ribosomes e hoʻokō ana i ka synthesis protein ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waikawa amino ma ke kauoha i kuhikuhi ʻia e RNA.
8. Nā Chloroplasts: Loaʻa wale nō i loko o nā hunaola mea kanu a me nā limu, kuleana kēia mau organelles no ka photosynthesis, e hoʻololi ana i ka ikehu māmā i ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ka glucose. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi pigment ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kapa ʻia ʻo chlorophyll.
9. Nā Vacuoles: He mau ʻeke mālama lākou e hiki ke loaʻa ka wai, nā meaʻai, a i ʻole nā ʻōpala. I loko o nā cell mea kanu, hiki i ka vacuole waena ke hoʻomalu i ka hapa nui o ka nui o ke kelepona a he kuleana koʻikoʻi kāna i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi turgor.
Ka Hana a me ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Organelles
Ua pili pono nā hana o kēlā me kēia organelle, e hana ana i kahi pūnaewele o nā ʻōnaehana e hiki ai i nā cell ke ola a hoʻohua hou. Hiki i nā organelles ke hana i nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī e like me ka metabolism, biosynthesis, ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā molekala, a me ka mahele ʻana o nā cell.
Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻololi ʻia nā protein i hana ʻia e nā ribosomes ma ka ER ʻāwili i loko o ka mea hana Golgi. A laila hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia kēia mau protein ma kahi ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona a hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha. Hāʻawi ka Mitochondria i ka ikehu e pono ai no nā kaʻina hana metabolic āpau, ʻoiai nā lysosomes e hana hou i nā ʻāpana ʻōpala o ke kelepona, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka pono a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke kelepona.
Ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Organelles
ʻO kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo i ʻae nui ʻia e wehewehe i ke kumu o nā organelles ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo endosymbiotic, i hāpai mua ʻia e Lynn Margulis i ka makahiki 1967. Ke ʻōlelo nei kēia kumumanaʻo ua puka mai kekahi mau organelles, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts, mai nā bacteria kahiko i komo i loko o kahi pilina symbiotic me nā cell eukaryotic mua.
Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻopuni kahi cell eukaryotic primitive i nā bacteria aerobic (i ke ʻano o mitochondria) a i ʻole nā bacteria photosynthetic (i ke ʻano o nā chloroplasts). Ma kahi o ka ʻeli ʻana i kēia mau bacteria, ua hāʻawi ke cell host i kahi kūlana paʻa, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi nā bacteria i nā pono metabolic. I loko o nā miliona o nā makahiki o kēia noho pū ʻana, ua lilo kēia mau bacteria i ʻāpana organik o ke kelepona a ua ulu aʻe i loko o nā organelles a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā.
Nā Noiʻi Hou a me nā Organelles
ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana i nā organelles i ko mākou ʻike i ka biology cell akā ua alakaʻi pū kekahi i nā holomua koʻikoʻi i ke olakino a me ka biotechnology. No ka laʻana, ua hāʻawi ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hana ʻino o ka mitochondrial i nā ʻike i nā maʻi degenerative a me nā metabolic like ʻole, me ka maʻi diabetes a me nā maʻi puʻuwai.
I kēia manawa, ua hiki i nā holomua i ka biotechnology i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻoponopono i nā organelles a hoʻololi i kā lākou pae hana e hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o nā mea olaola e like me nā enzymes a me nā protein lāʻau.
Ka hopena
He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā organelles o ke ola cellular, e kākoʻo ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi i loko o nā meaola. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kā lākou hana a me ka ulu ʻana e hāʻawi i nā ʻike hohonu i loko o ka dinamika o ke ola ma ka pae molekala. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana o Organelle i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana lapaʻau a me nā ʻenehana olaola, e kau ana i ke kahua no nā lāʻau pale a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā organelles ʻaʻole wale e hānai i kā mākou hoihoi ʻepekema akā hoʻonui pū i ko mākou hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻoikaika i ke olakino kanaka.
