Nā Lymphocytes a me ka Pane Palekana Kūikawā
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale kino kanaka kahi laina pale koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino o ke kino e kūʻē i nā hoʻoweliweli pathogenic, me nā bacteria, nā virus, a me nā parasites. I loko o kēia ʻōnaehana pale kino, aia kahi pane pale kino kikoʻī, kahi e pāʻani ai nā lymphocytes i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i ka hana o nā lymphocytes i ka pane pale kino kikoʻī a pehea lākou e hāʻawi ai i nā pale o ke kino.
Hoʻolauna i ka ʻōnaehana pale kino kikoʻī
Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi i ʻelua mau māhele nui: ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi nonspecific (a i ʻole innate) a me ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi kikoʻī (a i ʻole adaptive). ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi nonspecific ka pane mua koke e kūʻē i nā pathogens, akā ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i nā pathogens kikoʻī. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi kikoʻī e ʻike a hoʻomanaʻo i nā pathogens kikoʻī, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wā lōʻihi.
ʻO ka pane ʻana o ka pale kino kikoʻī e pili ana i kekahi mau pūnaewele i ʻike ʻia he lymphocytes. ʻO nā lymphocytes he mau keʻokeʻo koko e koʻikoʻi no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka pane ʻana i nā hoʻoweliweli kikoʻī. Hana lākou ma o ʻelua mau lālā nui: ka pale ʻana o ka humoral a me ka pale ʻana o ka cellular.
Nā ʻano o nā Lymphocytes
Ua māhele ʻia nā lymphocytes i kekahi mau ʻano, a he hana kūikawā ko kēlā me kēia:
1. Nā Lymphocytes B (Nā Kelepona B)
ʻO nā lymphocytes B ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana o ka humoral, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana o nā antibodies. Hoʻomaopopo nā pūnaewele B i nā antigens ma o nā mea loaʻa kūikawā ma ko lākou ʻili. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi antigen, hiki i nā pūnaewele B ke hoʻololi i nā pūnaewele plasma, kahi e hana ai i nā antibodies kūikawā i kēlā antigen. A laila hoʻopili nā antibodies i nā pathogens, e hōʻailona ana iā lākou no ka luku ʻia e nā pūnaewele pale ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ka hoʻoweliweli i kau ʻia e ka pathogen.
2. Nā Lymphocytes T (Nā Kelepona T)
He kuleana ko nā lymphocytes T i ka pale ʻana o ke kelepona, e luku ana i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi a kōkua i nā pūnaewele B i ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies. Aia kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o nā pūnaewele T:
– Nā pūnaewele T kōkua (nā pūnaewele CD4+ T): Hoʻonohonoho lākou i ka pane pale ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pūnaewele pale ʻē aʻe. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā pūnaewele T kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana o nā pūnaewele B a me nā macrophages.
– Nā pūnaewele T Cytotoxic (nā pūnaewele CD8+ T): He loea lākou e ʻike a pepehi i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i nā maʻi a i ʻole nā pūnaewele i lilo i mau pūnaewele maʻi kanesa.
3. Nā pūnaewele T hoʻoponopono (T-regs)
He mea nui kēia mau pūnaewele no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale ma o ke kāohi ʻana i nā pane pale nui loa, no laila e pale ai i ka hōʻino ʻia o nā ʻiʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pane pale i kāohi ʻole ʻia.
ʻAno Hana Pane Palekana Kūikawā
ʻO ke kahua pane pale kino kūikawā e pili ana i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia:
1. Ka ʻike ʻana i ka antigen
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana ke hālāwai a ʻike nā lymphocytes B a i ʻole T i nā antigens kikoʻī i hōʻike ʻia e nā cell i loaʻa i ka maʻi a i ʻole nā cell hōʻike antigen e like me macrophages a i ʻole nā cell dendritic. ʻO ka antigen kahi mole a i ʻole ʻāpana o kahi pathogen e hiki ke hoʻoulu i kahi pane pale.
2. Hoʻāla a me ka Hoʻolaha ʻana
Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka antigen, hoʻāla ʻia nā pūnaewele B a i ʻole T. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia hoʻāla ʻana e nā hōʻailona mai nā pūnaewele T kōkua e hana ana i nā cytokines—nā mole liʻiliʻi e hoʻohuli i ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻāla ʻana ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau pūnaewele, a i ʻole ka mahele wikiwiki ʻana o nā pūnaewele, e hana i nā pūnaewele effector hou aʻe e hakakā i ka pathogen.
3. Pane o ka mea hoʻokō
Hana nā pūnaewele Effector i kā lākou hana i ke kaua ʻana i nā maʻi. Hoʻopuka nā pūnaewele B i nā antibodies e kaʻapuni ana i loko o ke koko a me nā wai kino ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau i nā pathogens. Pepehi pololei nā pūnaewele Cytotoxic T i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi. I kēia manawa, hana nā pūnaewele T kōkua ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā cytokines e kākoʻo a hoʻoikaika i ka hana o nā pūnaewele B a me nā pūnaewele effector T.
4. Ka Hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Hoʻomanaʻo Immunological
Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka maʻi, hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau lymphocytes i loko o nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo. Noho kēia mau pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ke kino no kahi manawa lōʻihi a hiki i ka ʻōnaehana pale ke pane wikiwiki a ikaika i kahi maʻi ʻelua e ka pathogen like.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Lymphocytes i ke Ola Kino a me nā Maʻi
ʻO ka holomua i ke kaua ʻana i ka maʻi e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ka pono o ka pane pale kino kikoʻī. ʻO nā Lymphocytes, me ko lākou hiki ke ʻike pono a hoʻomanaʻo i nā pathogens, hāʻawi lākou i ka palekana lōʻihi no ke kino. ʻO ka hana ʻole o ka lymphocyte, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia olakino like ʻole, me:
1. Palekana ʻole
Hiki mai kēia kūlana ke kūleʻa ʻole ka pane ʻana o ka pale kino, pinepine ma muli o ka nele a i ʻole ka hana pono ʻole o nā lymphocytes. Hiki i ka immunodeficiency ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka maʻalahi i ka maʻi.
2. Nā maʻi Autoimmune
I loko o nā maʻi autoimmune, hoʻouka hewa ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā ʻiʻo ponoʻī o ke kino, hiki ke hoʻopili i nā pane kūpono ʻole mai nā lymphocytes T a me B. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e komo pū me ka lupus a me ka maʻi diabetes type 1.
3. Nā maʻi ʻaleka
Loaʻa kahi hopena alerika mai kahi pane pale kino i hoʻonui ʻia i kahi antigen ʻino ʻole (allergen). He kuleana ko nā lymphocytes i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kēia hopena ma o ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies a me nā cytokines e hoʻoulu ai i ka mumū.
Pani
ʻO nā lymphocytes, me kā lākou kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā pane pale kino kikoʻī, he mea nui ia o ka ʻōnaehana pale o ke kino. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka hana lymphocyte ʻaʻole wale nō e hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ke kino e hakakā ai i ka maʻi akā e hoʻomākaukau pū i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi aʻe, e like me nā lāʻau pale a me nā immunotherapy no nā maʻi like ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia ʻike, ua manaʻolana ʻia e hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou hiki ke mālama a pale i nā maʻi e hiki mai ana.
