Poʻo Inoa: Hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke Kelepona
I loko o ka biology, ʻo nā cell nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ola. Ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa e hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hana ola, hana nā cell i nā meaola āpau, mai nā meaola unicellular e like me ka bacteria a hiki i nā meaola multicellular e like me nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o nā cell ke kī i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana pehea e hana ai nā meaola ola, hoʻomohala, a launa pū me ko lākou kaiapuni. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i nā ʻāpana nui e hana ai i nā cell a pehea e hāʻawi ai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ke cell.
1. ʻIli Kelepona
ʻO ka membrane cell, a i ʻole ka membrane plasma, ʻo ia ka ʻano waho loa e hoʻopuni ana i nā mea o loko o ke kelepona. Hana ʻia me kahi papa pālua o nā lipids a me nā protein, lawelawe ka membrane cell ma ke ʻano he pale koho e hoʻoponopono ana i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea. ʻO nā mole lipid, ʻo ia hoʻi nā phospholipids, hana i ʻelua papa me ko lākou huelo hydrophobic e kū pono ana kekahi i kekahi a me ko lākou mau poʻo hydrophilic e kū pono ana i waho a i loko o ke kelepona. Hana nā protein i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka membrane i nā kumu like ʻole, me ka lawe ʻana i nā mole, ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kelepona.
2. ʻO ka cytoplasm
Aia i loko o ka membrane cell ka cytoplasm, kahi mea like me ka gel kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā organelles āpau o ke cell. Aia ka cytoplasm i ka cytosol, kahi wai i loaʻa ka wai, nā paʻakai, a me nā molekala organik. Hana pū ia ma ke ʻano he medium no nā hopena kemika a hāʻawi i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho kākoʻo no ke kelepona.
3. Nukleus
ʻO ka nucleus ke kikowaena hoʻomalu o ke kelepona, nona nā mea genetic ma ke ʻano o ka DNA. Hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane pālua i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka envelope nuclear, hoʻoponopono ka nucleus i ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona, ka metabolism, a me ka mahele ʻana ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā gene. Aia i loko o ka nucleus ka nucleolus, kahi e hana ʻia ai ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ribosome.
4. Nā Ribosome
ʻO nā ribosome he mau hui o ka protein a me RNA nona ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana o ka protein. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou e lana manuahi ana i loko o ka cytoplasm a i ʻole e pili ana i ka reticulum endoplasmic ʻāwili. Hoʻololi nā ribosome i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi genetic mai RNA i loko o nā kaulahao polypeptide, a laila pelu ʻia i loko o nā protein hana.
5. ʻO ka Reticulum Endoplasmic (ER)
ʻO ka endoplasmic reticulum kahi pūnaewele o nā membrane laumania a ʻāʻī hoʻi i loaʻa ma loko o ka cytoplasm. ʻElua ʻano o ka ER: ʻo ka ER ʻāʻī, nona nā ribosomes ma luna o kona ʻili a he kuleana ko ia i ka hana ʻana o ka protein, a me ka ER laumania, ka mea e hana ana i ka hana ʻana o ka lipid a me ka detoxification.
6. Mea hana Golgi
ʻO ka mea hana Golgi he organelle i haku ʻia me nā puʻu o nā ʻeke membranous. ʻO kāna mau hana ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā protein a me nā lipid i hana ʻia e ka endoplasmic reticulum. Hoʻopuka pū ka mea hana Golgi i nā vesicles e hiki ke lawe i nā molekala i ko lākou mau wahi hope loa i loko a i waho paha o ke kelepona.
7. Mitokondria
ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia nā "hale mana o ke kelepona," ʻo nā mitochondria he mau organelles e hana ana i ka adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ke kumu ikehu mua no nā kelepona. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen a me ka glucose ma o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona, hoʻopuka ka mitochondria i ka ikehu e pono ai no nā hana kelepona like ʻole.
8. Nā Lysosomes
ʻO nā Lysosomes he mau vesicle e loaʻa ana nā enzyme digestive. ʻO lākou ke kuleana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea ʻōpala cellular, kōkua nā lysosomes i ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻāpana cell i hōʻino ʻia a i ʻole nā mea pono ʻole a pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis cellular.
9. ʻIwi ʻōpū
ʻO ka cytoskeleton he microfilaments, intermediate filaments, a me microtubules, e hāʻawi ana i ke kākoʻo kūkulu a mālama i ke ʻano o ke kelepona. Hana pū ia i ka lawe ʻana i nā vesicles a me nā organelles a ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kelepona.
10. Nā Peroxisome
ʻO nā peroxisomes he mau organelles i loaʻa nā enzymes e wāwahi i nā waikawa momona a hoʻopau i nā toxins, ʻoi aku ka peroxides ʻino, ma ka hana ʻana i ka wai a me ka oxygen. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hana i ka pale ʻana i nā cell mai ka hōʻino oxidative.
11. Vacuole
I loko o nā mea kanu, lawelawe nā vacuoles nui i nā hana e like me ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā ʻōpala, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaomi turgor e mālama i ke ʻano o nā cell, a me ke kōkua ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻia mai nā mea ʻino. Loaʻa pū nā vacuoles i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi i loko o nā cell holoholona, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana i ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana.
12. Nā Chloroplasts
Loaʻa nā chloroplasts i loko o nā pūnaewele mea kanu a me kekahi mau protists photosynthetic. Loaʻa i nā chloroplasts ka pigment ʻōmaʻomaʻo chlorophyll, kuleana lākou no ka photosynthesis, kahi hana e hoʻololi ai i ka ikehu māmā mai ka lā i ka ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ka glucose, ʻoiai e hana ana i ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he byproduct.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kahi cell kahi hana kū hoʻokahi akā hoʻopihapiha i ka mālama ʻana i ke cell e ola ana, hana hou ʻana, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau hana olaola. Mai ka membrane cell pale a me ka hoʻoponopono a hiki i ka mitochondria e hana ana i ka ikehu, ʻo kēia hui paʻakikī a hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia o nā ʻāpana e hiki ai ke ola e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o nā cell ʻaʻole ia he mea nui wale nō i ka biology akā hoʻomākaukau pū i ke ala no nā hana hou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology, a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino a me ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka.
