Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā Hydrocarbons
ʻO nā hydrocarbons he mau hui organik i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me hydrogen (H) wale nō. ʻO lākou nā ʻāpana nui o nā wahie mōʻalihaku e like me ka petroleum, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, a me ka lanahu. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hydrocarbon no ka mea he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i ka kemika organik a me ka hana ʻana o nā huahana kemika like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrocarbons i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano molekala: nā hydrocarbons aliphatic a me nā hydrocarbons ʻala. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i kēia mau hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ko lākou mau subkategori, a me nā laʻana a me nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia.
Nā Hydrocarbons Aliphatic
ʻO nā hydrocarbons aliphatic he mau hydrocarbons nona nā molekala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā kaulahao hāmama (linear a lālā paha) a i ʻole i loko o nā apo ʻala ʻole.
1. Nā ʻalkana
ʻAno a me nā Waiwai
ʻO nā Alkanes he mau hydrocarbons saturated nona nā pilina hoʻokahi wale nō ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. Hōʻike ʻia lākou e ke ʻano maʻamau CnH2n+2. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻātoma kalapona i loko o kahi alkane i ʻehā mau ʻātoma ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi o nā alkanes he methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), a me propane (C3H8).
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pane ʻana o nā Alkanes ma mua o nā ʻano hydrocarbons ʻē aʻe no ka mea he mau pilina σ (sigma) hoʻokahi nā pilina kalapona-kalapona a pau, he ikaika a paʻa hoʻi. He nonpolar nō hoʻi lākou a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e like me ka ether a me ka chloroform.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka Methane (CH4) ma ke ʻano he wahie nui i loko o ke kinoea kūlohelohe.
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka propane (C3H8) i loko o ke kinoea wai (LPG) no ka kuke ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana.
2. Nā ʻAlkene
ʻAno a me nā Waiwai
ʻO nā alkenes he mau hydrocarbons nona hoʻokahi pilina pālua ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ko lākou ʻano maʻamau ʻo CnH2n. ʻO kēia pilina pālua e hoʻolilo i nā alkenes i mea pane hou aʻe ma mua o nā alkanes ma muli o ka pilina π (pi) nāwaliwali. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā alkenes ʻo ethylene (C2H4) a me propylene (C3H6).
Hōʻike nā Alkenes i nā waiwai hoʻohui, kahi e hiki ai i ka pilina pālua ke wehe a hoʻohui i nā ʻātoma hou, e like me nā hopena hydrogenation a i ʻole halogenation.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ethylene (C2H4) i ka hana ʻana o ka polyethylene, kahi palakiko maʻamau i loaʻa i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
– ʻO ka Propylene (C3H6) kahi mea maka i ka ʻoihana e hana i ka polypropylene, kahi plastik i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi hoʻopili like ʻole.
3. Nā ʻAlkynes
ʻAno a me nā Waiwai
ʻO nā Alkynes he mau hydrocarbons nona ka pilina triple ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ko lākou ʻano maʻamau ʻo CnH2n-2. E like me nā alkenes, ʻoi aku ka pane ʻana ma muli o ke alo o nā pilina π nāwaliwali. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ʻo ethylene (C2H2) a me propylene (C3H4).
He mau waiwai kūikawā ko nā Alkynes i nā hopena hoʻohui, e like me nā hopena hydrogenation hiki ke hana i nā alkenes a i ʻole alkanes.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
– ʻO Ethylene (C2H2) a i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo acetylene, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā kaʻina hana kuʻihao a me ka ʻoki ʻana no ka mea he wela loa nā lapalapa e hoʻopuka ai.
Nā Hydrocarbons Cyclic
ʻO nā hydrocarbons cyclic nā hydrocarbons nona nā ʻātoma kalapona e hana i kahi kaulahao a apo paha. Hiki ke saturated (cycloalkanes) a i ʻole unsaturated (cycloalkenes) nā hydrocarbons cyclic.
1. Nā Cycloalkanes
ʻO nā cycloalkanes he mau hydrocarbons me nā kaulahao kalapona ʻano apo e loaʻa ana nā pilina hoʻokahi wale nō. Loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻano maʻamau CnH2n, ʻaʻole like me nā alkanes linear.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
– Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cyclohexane (C6H12) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe non-polar a ma ke ʻano he mea maka hoʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka caprolactam, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka nylon.
2. Nā Cycloalkenes
ʻO nā cycloalkenes he mau hydrocarbons me hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā pilina pālua i loko o ko lākou ʻano apo. ʻOi aku ka pane ʻana o lākou ma mua o nā cycloalkanes ma muli o ke alo o nā pilina pālua.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka Cyclohexene (C6H10), kahi analogue pōʻai o ka hexene, i loko o ka kemika organik synthetic.
Nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hydrocarbons ʻala no ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou ʻano apo resonance, kahi i hana pinepine ʻia me ʻeono mau ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau ka benzene, me ke ʻano C6H6.
1. ʻO Benzene a me kāna mau Derivatives
ʻAno a me nā Waiwai
ʻO Benzene ka hydrocarbon ʻala maʻalahi loa me ke ʻano C6H6. Hoʻokumu nā ʻātoma kalapona i loko o ka benzene i kahi apo me kahi ʻano planar, me kēlā me kēia ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen.
Ka Hana Hou a me nā Hoʻohana
He kūpaʻa loa ʻo Benzene ma muli o ka delocalization o nā electrons π i loko o ke ʻano resonance o ke apo benzene. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo benzene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa ma ke ʻano he mea maka i ka synthesis o nā hui kemika he nui, me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā plastics, a me nā dyes.
2. Nā Hydrocarbons Polyaromatic
ʻO nā hydrocarbons polyaromatic he ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau apo ʻala i hoʻopili ʻia. Loaʻa pinepine lākou i nā huahana o ka puhi ʻole ʻana o nā mea organik, e like me ka uahi cigarette a me ka ʻōpala o ke kaʻa.
Nā Laʻana a me ka Hoʻohana ʻana
– ʻO Naphthalene (C10H8) kahi laʻana maʻamau o kahi hydrocarbon polyaromatic i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā dyes a me nā insecticides.
ʻO ka Isomerism i loko o nā Hydrocarbons
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hoihoi o ke aʻo ʻana i nā hydrocarbons ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo o ka isomerism, kahi e hiki ai i nā molekala me ke ʻano kemika like ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka isomerism i kekahi mau ʻano, e like me:
1. Nā Isomers Kūkulu
ʻO nā isomers kūkulu he mau isomers i ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kā lākou mau ʻātoma. No ka laʻana, ʻelua mau isomers kūkulu o ka butane (C4H10): n-butane a me isobutane (methylpropane).
2. Nā Isomers Geometric
Loaʻa nā isomers geometric i nā alkenes a me nā alkenes cyclic. He mau isomers lākou i ʻokoʻa i ke kuhikuhi spatial o nā ʻātoma a puni kahi pilina pālua a apo paha.
3. Nā Isomers Optical
ʻO nā isomers optical he mau isomers i haku ʻia me nā molekala e hoʻohālike ana kekahi i kekahi akā ʻaʻole like (chiral). He mea nui loa kēia waiwai i ka kemika lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mea hiki i nā isomers optical like ʻole ke loaʻa nā hana olaola like ʻole.
Ka hopena
He mau hui koʻikoʻi nā hydrocarbons me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano a me nā waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano noi like ʻole i ka ʻoihana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale kikoʻī—alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, a me nā hydrocarbons ʻala—hāʻawi i kahi kahua koʻikoʻi no ka kemika organik. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i kēia mau ʻano hydrocarbon e ʻae ai i ka noiʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a me nā noi ma nā ʻano kahua like ʻole, mai ka ikehu a i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
