Hoʻolauna He ʻokoʻa loa nā hui organik a he nui nā hoʻohana ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻElua mau papa koʻikoʻi o nā hui organik he aldehydes a me ketones. ʻO nā mea ʻelua he carbonyl derivatives, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia iā lākou ka hui hana carbonyl (C=O). He pane nui kēia hui a he kuleana koʻikoʻi kāna i nā ʻano hana kemika like ʻole. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā aldehydes a me ketones… E heluhelu hou aku
ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo Acid-Base Bronsted-Lowry: He Hoʻomaopopo Hohonu ʻO nā waikawa a me nā kumu he ʻelua mau manaʻo nui i ka kemika e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano hana kemika like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana olaola. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hāpai ʻia nā kumumanaʻo like ʻole e wehewehe i nā waiwai a me ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. ʻO kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo acid-base Bronsted-Lowry, i hoʻolauna ʻia… E heluhelu hou aku
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o nā Pūhui Waiʻona ʻO ka waiʻona kahi pūhui kemika organik e loaʻa ana kahi hui hydroxyl (-OH) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma kalapona. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻike o ka kemika organik, ua ʻike ʻia he mau pono like ʻole ka waiʻona i ke ola kanaka, me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ʻoihana, nā mea hoʻonani, a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā pono like ʻole o nā pūhui waiʻona i nā ʻano like ʻole o ko kākou ola. … E heluhelu hou aku
Pehea e Hana ai ka Mīkini pH: He mea koʻikoʻi ke ana ʻana i ka pH ma nā ʻano like ʻole, me ke kemika, ka biology, ka ʻenekinia, a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka pH o kahi hopena ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mika pH. E wehewehe hohonu kēia ʻatikala i ke kumumanaʻo hana o ka mika pH, kona mau ʻāpana, a me kāna mau noi ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻolauna: ʻO ka pH kahi unahi logarithmic i hoʻohana ʻia… E heluhelu hou aku
Ka Moolelo o ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o ke Kemika Organic Hoʻolauna ʻO ke kemika organik kahi lālā o ke kemika e aʻo ana i nā hui kalapona a me kā lākou mau hopena. ʻOiai ke kani haiki paha, he ākea loa kēia lālā, e hoʻopuni ana i nā mea āpau mai nā biomolecules i loko o nā meaola ola a hiki i nā mea synthetic e like me nā plastics a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hōʻike ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kemika organik i kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o ke kanaka i nā mea a puni mākou a… Heluhelu hou aku
Pehea e hana ai i kahi hopena Buffer Hoʻolauna ʻO kahi hopena buffer kahi hopena kemika e mālama i kahi pH mau loa ʻoiai ke hoʻohui ʻia nā liʻiliʻi o ka waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu. He mea nui nā hopena buffer i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, me ka biochemistry, pharmacy, a me nā keʻena noiʻi. E uhi kēia ʻatikala pehea e hana ai i kahi hopena buffer, me ka ʻike kumu o ka hana ʻana o nā hopena buffer, nā ʻāpana o kahi buffer, a me ka... E heluhelu hou aku
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā UV-Vis Spectrophotometers i ka loiloi kemika ʻO ka spectrophotometry UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible) kahi ʻenehana loiloi quantitative a me qualitative e hoʻohana ana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o ka mālamalama a me nā mea ma nā nalu UV (200-400 nm) a me nā nalu ʻike ʻia (400-800 nm). Ua lilo kēia ʻenehana i mea hana koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole, me ke kemika, biology, pharmacy, ʻepekema kaiapuni, a me ka ʻepekema mea. Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu o ka UV-Vis Spectrophotometry… Heluhelu hou aku
Nā Hana Kemika i ka Photosynthesis ʻO ka photosynthesis kekahi o nā kaʻina hana biochemical koʻikoʻi e hana nei ma ka Honua. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me kekahi mau meaola ʻē aʻe ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu lā i ikehu kemika hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kākoʻo i nā hana ola like ʻole. ʻAʻole pono wale ka photosynthesis no nā mea kanu ponoʻī, akā no ke ola o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, me… E heluhelu hou aku
He aha ka hopena ua? ʻO ka hopena ua kahi ʻano hopena kemika e hana pinepine ʻia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana like ʻole. Ma kēia hopena, hui pū ʻelua mau hopena e loaʻa ana nā ion hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hana ana i kahi mea paʻa i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka medium. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mea paʻa he precipitate. Wehewehena a me nā Kumumanaʻo… E heluhelu hou aku
ʻO nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o nā kinoea hanohano ʻO nā kinoea hanohano kahi hui o nā mea kemika i loaʻa ma ka Hui 18 o ka papa periodic. ʻO nā lālā o kēia hui e komo pū me ka helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), a me radon (Rn). He ʻano kino a me kemika kūikawā ko kēia mau kinoea, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i mea hoihoi e aʻo a hoʻopili i nā ʻano like ʻole... E heluhelu hou aku