Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui Organophosphate
ʻO nā hui Organophosphate he hui o nā hui kemika e loaʻa ana kahi ʻātoma phosphorus (P) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi hui organik (e pili ana i ke kalapona). Ua ʻike nui ʻia kēia hui no kāna kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mahiʻai, ke olakino lehulehu, a me ka ʻoihana. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, kōkua nā organophosphates i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana meaʻai ma o ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he mea ʻawahia loa kekahi mau organophosphates i nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka akahele ʻole. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā organophosphates, ko lākou mau pono, a me nā pilikia a me nā hana kaohi koʻikoʻi.
He aha nā hui organophosphate?
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻokomo pū nā organophosphates i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā waikawa phosphoric, phosphonic, a me phosphorothioic, me nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho e hoʻohuli i ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā mea ʻawahia. Hana ka nui o nā organophosphates ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā meaola, ʻo ia hoʻi ma o ka pale ʻana i ka enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Hoʻopau kēia enzyme i ka acetylcholine, kahi neurotransmitter e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona ma waena o nā synapses nerve. Ke pale ʻia ka enzyme, hōʻiliʻili ka acetylcholine a hoʻoulu i ka hana nerve i hōʻino ʻia, kahi i nā hihia koʻikoʻi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi hanu.
ʻOiai ua pili pinepine kēia ʻano hana me nā insecticides organophosphate, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates āpau ma ke ʻano he pesticides. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi ma ke ʻano he solvents, additives, plasticizers, a me nā intermediates i nā kaʻina hana synthesis kemika.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā organophosphates i ka mahiʻai
ʻO ka hoʻohana kaulana loa o nā organophosphates ʻo ia ke ʻano he insecticides, nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e pepehi a kāohi paha i nā mea ʻino pepeke. Mai ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua lilo nā organophosphates i mea koho ʻē aʻe i nā pesticides organochlorine paʻa i ke kaiapuni. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka palaho ʻana o nā organophosphates ma mua o kekahi mau organochlorines, e hopena ana i nā koena kaiapuni haʻahaʻa ke mālama pono ʻia.
I ka mahiʻai, hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates no:
1. E kāohi i nā mea ʻino lau a me ke kumu e like me nā anuhe, nā aphids, a me nā pepeke omo.
2. Ka pale ʻana i nā ʻohi ʻana o nā mea kanu meaʻai (laiki, kulina), māla ʻai (mea kanu, huaʻai), a me nā māla mahiʻai (kofe, koko).
3. Hoʻemi i ka pohō ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai, ʻoiai ke koʻikoʻi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana ma kēia wahi ma muli o nā pilikia koena.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā organophosphates i ka mahiʻai ʻo ko lākou pono e kūʻē i kahi ākea o nā mea ʻino a me ko lākou emi wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna o nā mea ʻino. Eia nō naʻe, kū mai kahi pilikia nui mai ka hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i nā mea ʻino inā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Hoʻohana i ke olakino lehulehu
Ma waho aʻe o ka mahiʻai, hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates e kāohi i nā mea lawe maʻi, e like me nā makika e lawe ana i ka dengue fever, malaria, a i ʻole filariasis. I nā maʻi ahulau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides e like me ka noe a i ʻole ke koena o ka pīpī ʻana ma nā wahi kikoʻī.
ʻOiai he pono, pono ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā wahi noho e akahele loa ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e ke kanaka, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hui palupalu e like me nā pēpē, nā keiki, nā wahine hāpai, a me ka poʻe ʻelemakule. No laila, pono e hahai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alakaʻi kūhelu, ka nui kūpono, a me nā kaʻina hana palekana koʻikoʻi.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā organophosphates i ka ʻoihana
Ma waho aʻe o nā insecticides, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau hui organophosphate i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana, e like me:
– Nā mea hoʻohui lubricant e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana a me ke kūpaʻa wela.
– Nā mea hoʻolohi lapalapa i loko o kekahi mau mea polymer.
– Mea hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ka palakiko.
– Nā mea waena synthetic i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana kemika ʻē aʻe, me nā mea hoʻohui lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā reagents kūikawā.
ʻAʻole pili mau kēia mau hoʻohana ʻoihana me nā ʻano hana kāohi acetylcholinesterase, e like me ke ʻano me nā insecticides. Eia nō naʻe, pono mau nā loiloi palekana no ka mea hiki i kekahi mau organophosphates ʻoihana ke hoʻonāukiuki, ʻawahia, a i ʻole he hopena kūpono i ke kaiapuni.
Nā pilikia olakino mai ka hōʻike ʻana o ka organophosphate
Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike ʻana i nā organophosphates ma o ka hanu ʻana, ka pili ʻana me ka ʻili, a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana. Pili nui ka pilikia i ke ʻano o ka hui, ka nui o ka hui ʻana, ka lōʻihi o ka ʻike ʻana, a me ke kūlana olakino o ke kanaka.
Hiki i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻolaha koke ke komo pū me:
- ʻeha poʻo, dizziness, nausea, luaʻi
- ka hou nui ʻana, ka nui o ka salivation
- ka pōkole o ka hanu, ka ʻū, ka ʻeha o ka umauma
- ʻike maka pōwehiwehi, hopu ʻana i nā hihia koʻikoʻi
Me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana, hiki i ke kūlana ke holomua i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hanu e hoʻoweliweli ai i ke ola. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻolaha mau ʻana (nā hoʻolaha liʻiliʻi pinepine ʻia i kahi manawa lōʻihi) e mau nei ka hopohopo no ka mea hiki ke pili me nā maʻi neurological, ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, a me nā hopena olakino ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa paha nā hōʻike a me ka pae o ka pilikia no kēlā me kēia hui.
No laila, ʻo nā limahana e launa pinepine me nā pesticides organophosphate—e like me nā mahiʻai, nā mea pīpī, nā limahana hale kūʻai pesticide—pono lākou i ke aʻo palekana a me nā nānā olakino maʻamau i nā manawa hiki.
Ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana o ka meaʻai
I ke kaiapuni, hiki i nā organophosphates ke hoʻohaumia i ka lepo a me nā kino wai ma o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, ka hoʻolei ʻōpala kūpono ʻole, a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana mai ka ʻāina mahiʻai i ka wā ua. Hiki i kēia mau hui ke hoʻopilikia i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā pepeke pollinating, nā iʻa, a me nā mea ola wai ʻē aʻe.
Ma ke ʻano o ka palekana o ka meaʻai, he mea koʻikoʻi nā koena organophosphate i nā huahana mahiʻai. Hoʻokumu pinepine nā lula i nā palena koena kiʻekiʻe loa (MRLs) e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka meaʻai no ka ʻai ʻana. He mea nui ka mālama ʻana i kahi manawa ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana e hōʻemi i nā koena i nā pae i ʻae ʻia.
Nā loina o ka hoʻohana palekana a me ke kuleana
I mea e loaʻa ai nā pono o nā organophosphates me ka ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pilikia nui, he mea nui nā kumumanaʻo penei:
1. E hahai i ka lepili a me ka nui i ʻōlelo ʻia.
Mai hoʻonui i ka nui me ka manaʻo he maikaʻi aʻe nā hopena. Hoʻonui ka nui o ka lāʻau i ka pilikia o ka ʻawahia a me ke koena.
2. E hoʻohana i nā lako pale pilikino (PPE)
ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e komo pū me nā mīkina lima, ka pale maka/respirator kūpono, nā maka aniani pale, ka pālule lima lōʻihi, a me nā kāmaʻa pani.
3. E makaʻala i ke kuhikuhi o ka makani a me nā kūlana o ke aniau
ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i ka wā makani ikaika e hoʻonui ai i ka neʻe ʻana (lawe ʻia e ka makani) i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, me nā kumu wai a i ʻole nā hale noho.
4. E mālama a hoʻolei pono i ka ʻōpala
Pono e mālama ʻia nā pesticides ma kahi ʻē aʻe mai ka meaʻai a me ka hiki ʻole i nā keiki ke kiʻi aku. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana hou ʻia nā ʻūpā a pono e hoʻolei ʻia e like me nā lula kūloko.
5. Hoʻokō i ka Hoʻokele Pest Hoʻohui (IPM)
E hoʻokau i ka mea nui i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea ʻino, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana nui, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, a me nā hana mahiʻai e kāohi ana i ka heluna o nā mea ʻino. ʻO nā pesticides kahi koho hope loa a pono e hoʻohana koho pono ʻia.
6. Ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana
Nui nā hanana make e hana ʻia ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike. He mea kōkua nui ke aʻo ʻana i ke kāwili ʻana, ka pīpī ʻana, a me ke kōkua mua.
Nā kuhikuhi kulekele a me nā koho ʻē aʻe
Ma nā ʻāina he nui, ke lilo nei nā lula ma luna o nā organophosphates i mea paʻa. Ua kaupalena ʻia a pāpā ʻia paha kekahi mau mea hana ma muli o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ke olakino a me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni. I ka manawa like, ke holomua nei ka noiʻi i nā pesticides koho hou aʻe, nā ʻano hana palekana, a me nā ʻano hana ʻole kemika e like me ka kaohi olaola, nā pahele pheromone, a me nā ʻano mea kanu pale pest.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā koho ʻē aʻe e pono ai ke kākoʻo kulekele, ke komo ʻana i ka ʻenehana, a me ke aʻo ʻana no nā mahiʻai e pale aku i ka emi ʻana o ka huahana. I ka hana maoli, hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka organophosphate ma muli o ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ka loaʻa ʻana, a me ka pono.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hui Organophosphate, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino mahiʻai a me nā mea lawe maʻi, a me kekahi mau noi ʻoihana. ʻOiai ua maopopo ko lākou mau pono i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻai a me ke olakino lehulehu, loaʻa pū kekahi mau pilikia koʻikoʻi inā loaʻa ka ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO ke kī, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui kūpono, hoʻohana i ka PPE kūpono, pili i ka manawa kali, a hoʻokō i ka IPM e hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā pesticides. Me kahi ala kuleana a me nā hoʻoponopono ikaika, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates me ka palekana me ka pale ʻana i nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni.
