ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo Acid-Base Bronsted-Lowry: He Hoʻomaopopo Hohonu
ʻO nā waikawa a me nā kumu ʻelua mau manaʻo nui i ka kemika e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano hana kemika like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana olaola. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hāpai ʻia nā manaʻo like ʻole e wehewehe i nā waiwai a me ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo waikawa-kumu Brønsted-Lowry, i hoʻolauna ʻia e Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted lāua ʻo Thomas Martin Lowry i ka makahiki 1923. Hāʻawi kēia kumumanaʻo i kahi ʻike ākea a maʻalahi hoʻi o nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma mua o nā kumumanaʻo ma mua, e like me ke kumumanaʻo waikawa-kumu Arrhenius. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry me ka hohonu, me kona wehewehe ʻana, nā laʻana, a me nā noi.
Ka Wehewehena o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu e like me Brønsted-Lowry
Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry, ʻo ka waikawa kahi ʻano e hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi proton (hydrogen ion, H⁺) i kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ke kumu kahi ʻano e hiki ke ʻae i kahi proton mai kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka laulā o kēia wehewehe ʻana ma mua o ka wehewehe ʻana a Arrhenius, ka mea e kaupalena ana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā mea hiki ke hana i ka H⁺ a i ʻole OH⁻ i loko o ka wai.
ʻAkika (Mea Hāʻawi Proton)
ʻO ka waikawa, ma ke ʻano o Brønsted-Lowry, he mea ia e nalowale ana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha mau proton i loko o kahi hopena kemika. ʻO ka laʻana maʻamau ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl), kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka wai e hana i nā iona hydronium (H₃O⁺) a me nā iona chloride (Cl⁻):
\[ \kikokikona{HCl} + \kikokikona{H}_2\kikokikona{O} \rightarrow \kikokikona{H}_3\kikokikona{O}^+ + \kikokikona{Cl}^- \]
Kumu (Mea ʻae Proton)
ʻO ke kumu he mea ia e ʻae ana i kahi proton mai kahi waikawa i loko o kahi hopena kemika. No ka laʻana, hana ka ammonia (NH₃) ma ke ʻano he kumu ma ka ʻae ʻana i kahi proton mai ka wai, e hana ana i kahi ion ammonium (NH₄⁺) a me kahi ion hydroxide (OH⁻):
\[ \kikokikona{NH}_3 + \kikokikona{H}_2\kikokikona{O} \rightarrow \kikokikona{NH}_4^+ + \kikokikona{OH}^- \]
Nā Huihui Waikawa-Base
ʻO kēlā me kēia hopena waikawa-kumu Brønsted-Lowry e pili ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o kahi proton mai kahi waikawa a i kahi kumu, e hopena ana i kahi hui waikawa-kumu hui. ʻO kēia hui hui he ʻelua ʻano i ʻokoʻa kekahi i kekahi ma kahi proton hoʻokahi wale nō. No ka laʻana, i ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa hydrochloric a me ka wai, ʻo HCl a me Cl⁻ e hana i kahi hui hui, e like me H₂O a me H₃O⁺:
\[ \text{HCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}_3\text{O}^+ + \text{Cl}^- \]
Ma kēia hana, ʻo HCl ka waikawa a ʻo Cl⁻ kona kumu hoʻohui, ʻoiai ʻo H₂O ke kumu a ʻo H₃O⁺ kona waikawa hoʻohui.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ke Kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry
ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa
ʻO kekahi o nā pono nui o ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry ʻo ia kona ʻano ākea. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā wehewehe ʻana o nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā hopena wai, akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole a hiki i nā hopena kinoea. No ka laʻana, ma ka hopena kinoea ma waena o ka ammonia (NH₃) a me ka hydrogen chloride (HCl) e hana ana i ka ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl):
\[ \kikokikona{NH}_3 + \kikokikona{HCl} \rightarrow \kikokikona{NH}_4\kikokikona{Cl} \]
Ma kēia hopena, hana ʻo NH₃ ma ke ʻano he kumu ma ka ʻae ʻana i kahi proton mai HCl, ka mea e hana ana ma ke ʻano he waikawa.
ʻoluʻolu
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehewehe ʻana o ka Brønsted-Lowry acid-base i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena hoʻoili proton. ʻAe kēia i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena e kū mai ana i nā ʻano solvents like ʻole ma mua o ka wai, he mea pono loa ia i ka kemika organik a me ka biochemistry. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hopena acid-base i nā solvents organik e like me dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), kahi e hiki ai i ka hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO₄⁻) ke hana ma ke ʻano he waikawa ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi proton i ka solvent.
\[ \text{HSO}_4^- + \text{DMSO} \rightarrow \text{SO}_4^{2-} + \text{DMSOH}^+ \]
Nā Hoʻohana o ke Kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry
Kemika Analytical
I loko o ke kemika loiloi, hoʻohana ʻia ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry e hoʻomaopopo i nā titrations acid-base, e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ka nui o kahi waikawa a i ʻole ka hopena base e pono ai e hiki i ke kiko like. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka hōʻailona pH kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loli pH a me nā hui acid-base conjugate e pili ana i ka titration.
Kemika Organic
I loko o ke kemika organik, nui nā hopena koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoili proton, e like me nā hopena hoʻohui electrophilic a me nā hopena hoʻololi nucleophilic. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai o nā waikawa a me nā kumu Brønsted-Lowry e kōkua i nā kemika e hoʻolālā i nā hopena a koho i nā kūlana kūpono.
Kemika ʻepekema
I loko o ka biochemistry, he mea koʻikoʻi ka manaʻo Brønsted-Lowry acid-base no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o nā enzymes a me nā hopena metabolic. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā enzymes i ʻike ʻia ʻo protease i nā ʻano hana acid-base e ʻoki i nā pilina peptide i loko o nā protein. Hiki i kekahi mau waikawa amino i loko o ka pūnaewele hana o ka enzyme ke hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hāʻawi proton a me nā mea ʻae, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hopena.
Hoʻouluulu
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka catalysis waikawa a me ke kumu i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana he nui, me ka hana ʻana i nā kemika a me nā wahie. No ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana o ka ammonia ma o ke kaʻina hana Haber, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoulu kumu e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena ma waena o ka naikokene a me ka hydrogen.
Ka Hoʻohewa a me nā Palena
ʻOiai he nui nā pono o ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry, he mau palena kona e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻO kahi hoʻohewa nui, ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā hopena non-protic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ʻole ke hāʻawi i nā protons. No ka laʻana, i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe aprotic e like me ka acetonitrile a i ʻole tetrahydrofuran, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻoili proton ma ke ʻano like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe protic.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole kēia kumumanaʻo e wānana i nā ikaika pili o nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma ke ʻano helu. No kēia kumu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka ikaika o ka waikawa a me ke kumu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūpaʻa dissociation waikawa (Ka) a me ke kumu (Kb), e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o kahi mea e hāʻawi a ʻae paha i nā protons i loko o ka hopena wai.
Ka hopena
Hāʻawi ke kumumanaʻo waikawa-kumu Brønsted-Lowry i kahi ʻike hohonu a ākea o ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā ʻano hana kemika like ʻole. Ma ka wehewehe ʻana i nā waikawa ma ke ʻano he mau mea hāʻawi proton a me nā kumu ma ke ʻano he mau mea lawe proton, hāʻawi ke kumumanaʻo i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka pono ma mua o nā kumumanaʻo waikawa-kumu ma mua. Loaʻa ka hoʻohana ākea o ke kumumanaʻo i ka kemika analytical, ke kemika organik, biochemistry, a me ka catalysis, e lilo ia i kahua koʻikoʻi no ko mākou ʻike ʻana i nā hana kemika. ʻOiai kona mau palena, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kemika, a ke noho nei ia he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻonaʻauao kemika hou a me ka noiʻi.
