Ka Moolelo o ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o ke Kemika Organika
Pendahuluan
ʻO ke kemika organik ka lālā o ke kemika e aʻo ana i nā hui kalapona a me kā lākou mau hopena. ʻOiai he ʻano haiki paha, he ākea loa kēia lālā, e hoʻopuni ana i nā mea āpau mai nā biomolecules i loko o nā meaola ola a hiki i nā mea synthetic e like me nā plastics a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hōʻike ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kemika organik i kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi i ka ʻike o ke kanaka i nā mea a puni mākou a pehea e hoʻololi ai iā lākou no nā kumu like ʻole. E nānā hou kēia ʻatikala i ka mōʻaukala o ke kemika organik, mai nā manaʻo mua o nā mea organik a hiki i ka ʻenehana hou a me nā noi.
Kahiko a hiki i ka Waena
Ma mua o ke kenekulia 19, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kemika i nā lālā e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei i kēia lā. ʻO Alchemy kahi ʻano mua o ka hana kemika, e ʻimi ana e hoʻololi i nā metala kumu i gula a ʻike i ka elixir o ke ola. ʻOiai ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka alchemy he pseudoscience, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo kemika kumu he nui a me nā ʻano hana i ka hana alchemical. Ma ke ʻano o ka kemika organik, ua kōkua ka alchemy i nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā hui mai nā mea kūlohelohe, ʻoiai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana i ke ʻano molekala.
ʻO ka Chemical Revolution a me ke Kumumanaʻo o Vitalism
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomaka ka kemika e ulu i loko o kahi ʻepekema empirical, i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka Chemical Revolution i hoʻomaka ʻia e Antoine Lavoisier. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Lavoisier ʻo "Makua o ke Kemika Hou" no kāna hoʻokumu kūleʻa ʻana i ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka nuipa a me ka ʻike ʻana a me ka inoa ʻana o nā mea kemika like ʻole.
I loko o kēia au, ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke kumumanaʻo o ka vitalism, kahi i ʻōlelo ai hiki ke hana ʻia nā hui organik e nā meaola ola wale nō no ka mea aia i loko o lākou kahi "ikaika ola" a i ʻole "ikaika ola." Ua lanakila kēia manaʻo a hiki i ka wā i hana pono ai ʻo Friedrich Wöhler, i ka makahiki 1828, i ka urea, kahi hui organik, mai ka ammonium cyanate, kahi hui inorganic. ʻO kēia hoʻokō nui i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kemika organik ma ke ʻano he aʻo ʻokoʻa a ua hōʻoia e hiki ke hana ʻia nā hui organik mai nā mea inorganic me ka ʻole o ka "ikaika ola."
ʻO ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o ke ʻAno Molekala a me ke Kumumanaʻo o Avogadro no ka Mālama ʻana i ka Ikehu
I ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ua holomua ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano molekala o nā hui organik. ʻO Aleksander Butlerov, ʻo August Kekulé, a me Archibald Scott Couper nā poʻokela koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo o ke ʻano kemika i lilo i kumu o ka kemika organik. ʻO Kekulé, no ka laʻana, ua kaulana loa ʻo ia no kāna kumumanaʻo o ke ʻano cyclic o benzene, āna i wehewehe ai he apo ʻeono-lālā me nā pilina hoʻokahi a pālua e hoʻololi ana.
He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo o Avogadro i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19 no ka mea ua ʻōlelo ʻia he like ka nui o nā kinoea ma ka mahana like a me ke kaomi like i ka nui o nā molekala. Ua hāʻawi kēia i ke kumu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā nui molekala pili a me ka stoichiometry o nā hopena kemika.
ʻO ka Isomerism a me ke kemika Stretero
ʻO ka Isomerism, ka hanana i loaʻa ai i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā hui like ʻole ke ʻano molekala like, ua lilo ia i mea nui o ka noiʻi i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. ʻO Hermann Emil Fischer kekahi o nā paionia ma kēia kahua, e hana ana ma nā kalapona a me nā waikawa amino.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka stereochemistry, kahi e kālele ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻekolu-dimensional o nā ʻātoma i loko o nā molekala, ua loaʻa ka nānā nui me ka ʻike ʻana o Louis Pasteur ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kristal waikawa tartaric enantiomeric. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff i ke kumumanaʻo tetrahedral o ke kalapona, nāna i wehewehe pono i ke geometry spatial o nā molekala organik.
Kemika Organic Synthetic a me Industrial
Ua hōʻailona ʻia ke kenekulia 20 mua e ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana o nā hui organik, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, dye, a me polymer. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o ka aspirin e Bayer i ka makahiki 1897 a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka penicillin e Alexander Fleming i ka makahiki 1928, ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻoihana e Chain lāua ʻo Florey i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻololi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ua hāʻawi pū nā holomua i ka polymerization i nā mea hou i hoʻololi i ke ao nei. Ua hana ʻo Leo Baekeland iā Bakelite i ka makahiki 1907, ʻo ia ka plastic synthetic mua, e hoʻolauna ana i kahi au hou o nā mea ʻenehana.
Nā Hana a me nā ʻAno Hana o ka Synthesis Hou
I ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua pili nā hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kemika organik i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hopena kemika koʻikoʻi he nui i kēia manawa ke kumu o ka synthesis organik hou. ʻO kēia mau hopena e pili ana i ka Diels-Alder, Wittig, a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe e ʻae ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hui paʻakikī mai nā mea maʻalahi.
Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano hana loiloi e like me ka X-ray crystallography, NMR, a me ka mass spectrometry, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike kikoʻī i nā ʻano molekala a me nā ʻano hana pane. ʻAe kēia i nā kemika e hoʻolālā i nā pane me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a wānana pololei i nā huahana pane.
Ka hāʻawina o ke Kemika Organic i ka Biology Molecular a me ka Biotechnology
Ua hāʻawi nui ke kemika organik i ka biology molecular a me ka biotechnology. ʻO ka synthesis DNA a Khorana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka hana hou ʻana o nā genes i hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no kahi kipi i ka genetics a me ka biotechnology. Me ka ʻenehana CRISPR-cas9 a me nā ʻano hana ʻenekinia genetic ʻē aʻe, ua lilo ka synthesis kemika o nā oligonucleotides i mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka gene therapy a me nā diagnostics molecular.
Au Hou a me ka Wā e Hiki Mai Ana
I kēia lā, ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ke kemika organik. Hoʻopuni ka kemika organik hou i ka kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi e manaʻo ai e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka synthesis kemika, a me ka kemika computational, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka simulation a me ke kumu hoʻohālike e wānana i nā hopena a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā molekala. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā catalysts ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke koho ʻana he mea nui ia o ka noiʻi, me ke ʻano o nā hopena ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni.
Ka hopena
Hōʻike ka mōʻaukala o ke kemika organik i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēia lālā o ka ʻepekema i ko kākou honua, mai ka alchemy kahiko a i ka ʻenehana synthetic hou. Ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema e wehewehe ʻole i nā hanana kūlohelohe akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hana hou palena ʻole, e hoʻomau ka kemika organik i kahua noiʻi ikaika a loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola kanaka. I ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka synthesis a me ka noiʻi i ka holomua, ʻo wai ka mea ʻike i nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻike ʻia? ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o kēia mōʻaukala i ka holomua ʻana o ke kanaka.
