Pehea e ʻike ai i nā waikawa a me nā kumu
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu he mākaukau kumu akā koʻikoʻi i ka kemika, inā no ka hana kula, nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, a i ʻole nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā. He nui nā mea a mākou e ʻike ai a puni ka home—e like me ka vīnega, nā hua citrus, ke kopa, a me ka detergent—he mau waiwai waikawa a kumu paha. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou e kōkua iā mākou e hana me nā kemika me ka palekana, e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā hopena kemika, a koho pololei i nā mea no nā kumu kikoʻī. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, ko lākou mau ʻano, a me nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻepekema no ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻAkika a me nā Bases
Ma keʻano laulā, he mea hiki i ka waikawa ke hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydrogen (H⁺) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, ʻoiai he mea hiki i ke kumu ke hana i nā iona hydroxide (OH⁻) a i ʻole ke ʻae i nā protons (H⁺), ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo i hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻO kekahi mau kumumanaʻo i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
1. ʻArrhenius: Hoʻopuka nā waikawa i ka H⁺ i ka wai, hoʻopuka nā kumu i ka OH⁻ i ka wai.
2. Brønsted–Lowry: He mau mea hāʻawi proton nā waikawa, he mau mea ʻae proton nā kumu.
3. Lewis: ʻAe nā waikawa i nā hui electron, hāʻawi nā kumu i nā hui electron.
I ka hana maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā, hana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma muli o nā loli o ke kala o nā ʻōkuhi, nā waiwai pH, a me kekahi mau ʻano hiʻohiʻona e like me ka ʻono (ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono e hoʻāʻo pololei ʻia kēia no ka mea he mea weliweli ia).
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka pH ma ke ʻano he kī i ka ʻike ʻana
ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻalahi e ʻike ai inā he waikawa a he kumu paha kahi mea ma ka nānā ʻana i ka waiwai pH. ʻO ka pH ke ana o ka nui o nā ion H⁺ i loko o kahi hopena.
– pH < 7: hopena ʻakika - pH = 7: kūlike ʻole (e.g. wai maʻemaʻe) - pH > 7: hopena kumu
ʻO ka mamao o ka waiwai pH mai 7, ʻo ka ikaika o ka waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka waikawa o kahi hopena me ka pH o 1 ma mua o kahi hopena me ka pH o 5. Pēlā nō, ʻoi aku ka kumu o ka pH o 13 ma mua o ka pH o 9.
Nā ʻano o ka waikawa
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano laulā o nā waikawa:
1. He ʻawaʻawa kona ʻono, e like me ka citrus a i ʻole ka vīnega (akā, mai ʻono i nā kemika i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua).
2. Hiki ke hana me kekahi mau metala (e like me ka zinc a i ʻole ka magnesium) e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen.
3. Ke hoʻololi nei i ke kala o nā ʻōkuhi: e ʻulaʻula a ʻalani paha nā ʻōkuhi he nui i nā kūlana ʻakika.
4. ʻAi ʻino i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, no ka laʻana waikawa sulfuric (H₂SO₄).
5. Hoʻokele i ka uila i loko o ka hopena (electrolyte), no ka mea, hoʻopuka ia i nā ion.
Nā laʻana o nā waikawa i loaʻa pinepine ʻia: waikawa acetic (winika), waikawa citric (nā hua citrus), waikawa hydrochloric (waikawa ʻōpū), a me ka waikawa carbonic (nā mea inu palupalu).
Nā ʻano o nā kumu
He mau ʻano ko nā kumu i kūʻē pinepine i nā ʻano o nā waikawa:
1. He ʻawaʻawa kona ʻono a he pahee e like me ke kopa (akā, mai hoʻāʻo me kou alelo).
2. Ke hoʻololi nei i ke kala o nā ʻōkuhi: e huli ka nui o nā ʻōkuhi i ka uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a poni paha i nā kūlana maʻamau.
3. Hiki ke hoʻopau i nā waikawa e hana i ka paʻakai a me ka wai (neutralization reaction).
4. Caustic ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, no ka laʻana sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
5. Hoʻokele i ka uila i loko o ka hopena no ka mea hoʻopuka ia i nā ion.
Nā laʻana o nā kumu o kēlā me kēia lā: ke kopa, ka detergent, ka baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), ka ammonia, a me nā wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻauwai.
Nā ʻAno no ka ʻIke ʻana i nā ʻAkika a me nā Kumu
1. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka Pepa Litmus
He ʻano hōʻailona maʻamau ka pepa Litmus i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kula. ʻElua ʻano: ka litmus ʻulaʻula a me ka litmus polū.
– Hoʻolilo nā waikawa i ka litmus polū i ʻulaʻula.
– Hoʻololi nā kumu i ka litmus ʻulaʻula i ka uliuli.
– ʻAʻole hoʻololi nā mea kūlike ʻole i ke kala o kekahi.
He maʻalahi loa nā ʻanuʻu no ka hoʻohana ʻana: e hoʻokomo i ka pepa litmus i loko o ka hopena, e kali i kekahi mau kekona, a laila e nānā i ka loli o ke kala.
2. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻōkuhi honua
ʻO nā ʻōkuhi honua he pepa a i ʻole nā mea hoʻonā e hōʻike ana i nā kala like ʻole ma ka pālākiō pH. ʻO ko lākou pono ma mua o ka litmus ʻo ia ka hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i nā waiwai pH me ka pololei.
laʻana:
– pH 1–3: ʻulaʻula (ʻakika ikaika)
– pH 4–6: melemele (ʻakika nāwaliwali)
– pH 7: ʻōmaʻomaʻo (kūlike ʻole)
– pH 8–11: polū (ʻalkaline)
– pH 12–14: poni (kumu ikaika)
He kūpono nā ʻōkuhi honua no ka ʻike wikiwiki ʻana, akā he hoʻohālikelike mau nō.
3. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka mika pH
No nā hopena pololei aʻe, e hoʻohana i ka mika pH, kahi mea uila e ana pololei i ka pH. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mika pH i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ka mahiʻai (hoʻāʻo lepo), a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai.
Pehea e hoʻohana ai:
1. E hoʻoponopono i ka mika pH me kahi hopena buffer (pH 4, 7, a me/a i ʻole 10).
2. E holoi i nā electrodes me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
3. E hoʻoluʻu i ka electrode i loko o ka hopena hāpana.
4. E kali a paʻa ka helu, a laila e hoʻopaʻa i ka waiwai pH.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka mika pH, ʻo ia ka pololei a maʻalahi hoʻi e heluhelu. ʻO ka hemahema, pono ia e mālama a hoʻoponopono.
4. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻōkuhi kūlohelohe
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻōkuhi hana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻōkuhi kūlohelohe mai nā mea kanu i loaʻa kekahi mau pigments, no ka laʻana anthocyanin.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōuli kūlohelohe:
– Kāpeti poni: i loko o nā waikawa e lilo ia i ʻulaʻula, i loko o nā alkalis e lilo ia i ʻōmaʻomaʻo uliuli.
- Turmeric: i loko o ke kumu e lilo ia i ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele, i loko o ka waikawa e mau ana ka melemele.
– Hibiscus: hiki ke loli ke kala ma muli o ka pH.
ʻO ke ala maʻalahi e hana ai i ka mea hōʻike kāpeti poni:
1. E hoʻolapalapa i nā ʻāpana kāpeti poni i ka wai.
2. E kānana i ka wai i hoʻolapalapa ʻia (poni).
3. E hoʻokuʻu i ka hopena hāpana i loko o ke aniani liʻiliʻi.
4. E nānā i ka loli o ke kala.
He kūpono loa kēia ʻano hana no nā hana maʻalahi ma ka home a i ʻole nā hōʻikeʻike ma ka papa.
5. Ke nānā ʻana i nā hopena kemika maʻalahi
Aia kekahi mau hopena e hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā waikawa a i ʻole nā kumu, ʻoiai pono e hana ʻia me ke akahele.
– Ka hopena o ka waikawa me ka metala: hoʻopuka i nā pehu kinoea hydrogen.
– Ka hopena o ka waikawa me ka carbonate/bicarbonate (e.g. baking soda): hoʻopuka i ke kinoea carbon dioxide (CO₂) i ʻike ʻia me he mau pehu lā.
- Neutralization: ʻo ke kāwili ʻana i ka waikawa a me ke kumu e hana i ka paʻakai a me ka wai, hiki ke piʻi ka mahana ma muli o ka hopena exothermic.
ʻAʻole kūpono kēia ʻano hana no nā mea i maopopo ʻole kona ʻano a pono e hoʻokō ʻia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana.
Palekana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu
ʻAʻole pono e hoʻopoina ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu. Pono e mālama ʻia nā hana palekana. He ʻawaʻawa kekahi mau waikawa a me nā kumu a hiki ke hōʻino i ka ʻili, nā maka, a i ʻole ke ala hanu.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana:
- E hoʻohana i nā mīkina lima a me nā maka aniani pale i ka wā hana.
– Mai ho'āʻo i kekahi wai hoʻonā.
– E pale i ka hanu pololei ʻana i nā mahu kemika (e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana hoʻopuehu inā pono).
- Inā pili ia i ka ʻili, e holoi me ka wai e kahe ana.
– E mālama i nā kemika i loko o nā pahu i lepili ʻia.
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka palekana o nā mākau ʻepekema.
Pani
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā ʻano maʻalahi e like me ka pepa litmus a i nā ʻano pololei e like me nā mika pH. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pH, ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi kūlohelohe e kōkua iā mākou e maʻalahi a palekana ka ʻike ʻana. Me kēia mau mākau, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā manaʻo kemika akā e naʻauao pū kekahi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻoiai nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka meaʻai, a me ke olakino. Ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka nānā ʻana, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā waikawa a me nā kumu e lilo i ʻike pono loa i nā kūlana he nui.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hana i kahi mana o kēia ʻatikala no ke kula haʻahaʻa, waena, a i ʻole ke kula kiʻekiʻe, me nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā hoʻokolohua maʻalahi.
