I loko o ka lewa o ka honua Honua, ʻaʻohe helium manuahi a me ke kinoea hydrogen. Aia wale nō ka nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0,90%), carbon dioxide, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka lewa o Venus he carbon dioxide (CO2) wale nō . He nui ka helium manuahi a me ka hydrogen i ka lewa o Jupiter. ʻAʻohe lewa o ka mahina. No ke aha i ʻokoʻa ai ke ʻano o ka lewa o kēlā me kēia honua? No ke aha i ʻole ai he helium manuahi a me ka hydrogen i ka lewa o ka Honua?
Ka wikiwiki huinahā awelika o ke aʻa
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ke kumu awelika huinahā = ke kumu awelika huinahā = v rms . Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ka hoohalike v rms ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hoohalike Mahana a me ka Ikehu Kinetic i nā hoohalike unuhi.
ʻIkepili:
v rms = ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ke kumu (m/s)
k = Boltzman mau n (k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Mahana piha (K = Kelvin)
m = ka nuipaʻa (kg)
ʻIkepili:
v rms = ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ke kumu (m/s)
R = Paʻa kinoea honua (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
NA = Helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole = Helu o Avogadro (NA = 6,02 x 1023 / mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol)
T = mahana (K)
M = nuipaʻa molekala = nuipaʻa molar (kg/kmol a i ʻole gram/mol)
ʻO ka v rms i loaʻa ma luna nei, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki awelika o nā molekala i loko o ke kinoea. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o kekahi mau molekala ma mua o v rms, aʻo kekahi he liʻiliʻi ka wikiwiki ma mua o v rms. I ka makahiki 1859, ua ʻike ʻo James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā wikiwiki molekala i loko o ke kinoea. Ua loaʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wikiwiki molekala a Maxwell mai ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, a no laila ʻoi aku ka pololei no nā molekala kinoea kūpono. ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wikiwiki molekala a Maxwell e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pakuhi ma lalo nei.
I ka makahiki 1920, ua hana kekahi mau kānaka ʻepekema i nā hoʻokolohua e noiʻi i ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea maoli. Ua ʻike ʻia ua like loa ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea maoli i loaʻa ma o nā hoʻokolohua me nā mea i loaʻa iā Maxwell.
Ke lawa ka nui o ke kinoea, ʻaʻole kūlike ka hoʻokaʻawale wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea maoli i loaʻa ma ka hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻokaʻawale wikiwiki kumumanaʻo i loaʻa e Maxwell. No laila, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Maxwell, ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic o nā kinoea e hoʻohana ana i ka mechanics Newtonian. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea ma nā densities kiʻekiʻe e nā loina quantum.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea maoli i loaʻa ma o ka hoʻokolohua e like me ke kiʻi ma lalo nei.
Hōʻike kēia kiʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā molekala kinoea maoli no ʻelua mau mahana like ʻole. ʻO ke kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā molekala i loaʻa ma o kēia hoʻokolohua e kūpono i ka hoʻohālikelike v rms ma luna (ua kūlike pololei ʻo v rms i ka mahana). No ka mea, ua kūlike pololei ʻo v rms i ka mahana, i ka wā e piʻi ai ka mahana (T2), neʻe hou aku ke kiʻikuhi hoʻolaha wikiwiki molekala i ka ʻākau (ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka v rms). ʻO ka EA (ikaika hoʻāla) ka ikehu kinetic liʻiliʻi loa e pono ai no ka hana ʻana o kahi hopena kemika.
Mai ka pakuhi ma luna, ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu kinetic o nā molekala ma mua o ka ikehu hoʻāla (EA). ʻO ia ke kumu o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hopena kemika. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu kinetic o nā molekala. No ka mea, he kiʻekiʻe ka ikehu kinetic o nā molekala, ke kuʻi lākou, hiki iā lākou ke pili pū.
Laʻana nīnau 1:
E hoʻoholo i ka rms v o kahi molekala Nitrogen (N 2 ) i ka lewa ma ka mahana o 20 ° C (ka nuipa molekala o Nitrogen = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol)
Pahana
k = 1,38 x 10‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10‐23 (kg m² / s² ) /K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Ka nuipa molar a i ʻole ka nuipa molekala o N 2 (M) = 2 x 14 u = 2 x14 gram/mol = 28 gram/mol = 28 kg/kmol (ka nuipa atomika o N = 14 u. e nānā i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea)
Helu o nā molekole/mol = Helu o Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 / mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Ka nuipa o ka naikokene (m) = ?
Ka helu rms naikokene (v rms) = ?
Laʻana nīnau 2:
E hoʻoholo i ka rms v o ka Helium (He) i ka lewa ma ka mahana o 20 o C…. (ka nuipa molekala o ka Helium = 4 grams/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Pahana
k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Ka nuipa molar/Ka nuipa molekala o He (M) = 4 u = 4 gram/mol = 4 kg/kmol (ka nuipa atomika o He = 4 u. e nānā i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea)
Helu o nā molekala/mol = Helu o Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 / mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Nuipaʻa He (m) = ?
Ka helu RMS He (v rms) = ?
Laʻana nīnau 3:
E hoʻoholo i ka rms v o ka Hydrogen (H 2 ) i ka lewa ma ka mahana o 20 o C…. (ka nuipa molekala o ka Hydrogen = 2 grams/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Pahana
k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Ka nuipa molar/M ka nuipa molekala o ka Hydrogen (M) = 2 x 1 u = 2 u = 2 grams/mol = 2 kg/kmol (ka nuipa atomika o H = 1 u. e nānā i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea)
Helu o nā molekole/mol = Helu o Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 102/3 / mol = 6,02 x 10/26 /kmol
Ka nuipa o H 2 (m) = ?
Ka helu RMS o H 2 (v rms) = ?
Laʻana nīnau 4:
E hoʻoholo i ka helu rms o nā molekala oxygen (O2 ) i ka lewa ma ka mahana o 20 ° C. (ka nuipa molekala o O2 = 32 grams/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Pahana
k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Ka nuipa molar/Ka nuipa molekala o ka Oxygen (M) = 2 x 16 u = 32 u = 32 gram/mol = 32 kg/kmol (ka nuipa atomika O = 16 u. e nānā i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea)
Helu o nā molekole/mol = Helu o Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 / mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Ka nuipa o O 2 (m) = ?
Ka helu RMS o H 2 (v rms) = ?
Laʻana nīnau 5:
E hoʻoholo i ka helu rms o nā molekala kalapona ʻokikene ( CO2 ) i ka lewa ma ka mahana o 20 ° C. (ka nuipa molekala o CO2 = 44 grams/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Pahana
k = 1,38 x 10‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10‐23 (kg m² / s² ) /K
T = 30 o C + 273 = 293 K
Ka nuipa molar/Ka nuipa molekala o CO 2 (M) = 12 u + (2 x 16 u) = 12 u + 32 u = 44 u = 44 grams/mol = 44 kg/kmol (ka nuipa atomika C = 12 u, ka nuipa atomika O = 16 u. E nānā i ka papa kuhikuhi o nā mea)
Helu o nā molekala/mol = Helu o Avogadro (NA ) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Ka nuipa o CO 2 (m) = ?
Ka helu o ka CO2 rms (v rms) = ?
nā ʻāpana o kekahi ʻano kinoea
I kēia manawa, e hoʻohālikelike kākou i ka rms v o kekahi mau ʻano kinoea:
v rms Hydrogen (H 2 ) = 1917 m/s = 1,92 km/s (ma 20 o C)
v rms Helium (He) = 1355,7 m/s = 1,36 km/s (ma ka mahana o 20 o C)
v rms Naikokene (N 2 ) = 510,75 m/s = 0,51 km/s (ma ka mahana o 20 o C)
v rms ʻOkikene (O 2 ) = 478,4 m/s = 0,48 km/s (ma ka mahana o 20 o C)
v rms kalapona ʻokikene (CO 2 ) = 407,6 m/s = 0,41 km/s (ma ka mahana o 20 o C)
ʻO ke kinoea me ka wikiwiki rms kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ia ka hydrogen, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa loa ʻo ia ka carbon dioxide. I kēia manawa e hoʻohālikelike i kēia me ka wikiwiki pakele ma ka ʻili o ka Honua (ka wikiwiki pakele = 11,2 km/s). ʻO ka wikiwiki pakele ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa loa e pono ai kahi mea e pakele i ke kahua umekaumaha o ka Honua.
Inā ʻo ka v rms o nā molekala kinoea he 1/6 wale nō ka manawa o ka wikiwiki o ka pakele (1/6 x 11,2 km/s = 1,86 km/s), a laila he nui nā molekala kinoea nona ka wikiwiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wikiwiki o ka pakele (e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā wikiwiki molekala i wehewehe ʻia ma luna). Ma ka mahana o 20 o C, v rms ke kinoea Hydrogen = 1,92 km/s (> 1,86 km/s). I kēia manawa, v rms o ke kinoea helium ma ka mahana o 20 o C = 1,36 km/hola (kokoke i 1,86 km/s). ʻO kēia ma ka mahana o 20 o C.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai rms. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai rms, ʻo ka nui o ka manawa e pakele ai i ke kahua umekaumaha o ka Honua. ʻO kēia ke kumu i nele ai ka helium manuahi a me ka hydrogen mai ka lewa o ka Honua.
ʻO ka nui o ka wikiwiki pakele o ka honua a me ka wikiwiki rms o nā molekala kinoea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka lewa o ka honua a i ʻole ka ukali. ʻO ka wikiwiki pakele o Venus he 10,3 km/s. He liʻiliʻi loa ka wikiwiki rms o CO2 a he mea paʻakikī iā ia ke pakele mai ka lewa o Venus. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka wikiwiki pakele o Jupiter he 60 km/s, he nui loa ia ma muli o ke anawaena nui o Jupiter. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hydrogen a me ka helium ke pakele i ke kahua umekaumaha o Jupiter.
