Nā ʻAno o nā Chromosome: Nā Kumu o ke Biology Genetic
He mau ʻano microscopic nā chromosomes i loaʻa i loko o nā cell e mālama ana i ka ʻike genetic e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a me ka hana o nā meaola. I loko o ka biology, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā chromosomes a ʻo ia ke kikowaena o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kahua o ka genetics. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā chromosomes ʻo ia hoʻi ke komo ʻana i loko o ka ʻōlelo kumu o ke ola. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano chromosomes like ʻole, kā lākou mau hana, a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i nā meaola.
Ka Wehewehena a me ke ʻAno o nā Chromosomes
I loko o kēlā me kēia cell eukaryotic, aia nā chromosomes i loko o ka nucleus. Hana ʻia nā chromosomes me ka DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a me nā protein i kapa ʻia ʻo histones. Loaʻa i ka DNA ka ʻike genetic i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā genes. Ma ke ʻano i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, ua ʻōwili paʻa ʻia ka DNA lōʻihi i loko o nā chromosomes, e ʻae ana iā lākou e komo i loko o ka nucleus cell.
I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā pūnaewele e māhele, lilo nā chromosomes i mea koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopili lākou, e hōʻoia ana e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kelepona kaikamahine kahi hoʻonohonoho piha o nā chromosomes. I loko o ke kanaka, no ka laʻana, aia he 23 mau pālua o nā chromosomes, e hana ana i ka huina o 46 mau chromosomes. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pālua hoʻokahi chromosome i hoʻoilina ʻia mai ka makuahine a hoʻokahi mai ka makuakāne.
Nā ʻAno o nā Chromosome ma muli o ke Kūlana Centromere
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosome ma muli o ke kūlana o ke centromere, kahi e māhele ai ka chromosome i ʻelua mau lima. Hoʻopilikia nā kūlana centromere like ʻole i ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka chromosome. Eia kekahi mau ʻano chromosome e pili ana i ke kūlana o ka centromere:
1. Metacentric
Loaʻa i nā chromosome metacentric kahi centromere i kokoke i waenakonu, no laila ua aneane like ka lōʻihi o nā lima p a me q. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau chromosome i ke ʻano "V" ma lalo o kahi microscope i ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona.
2. Submetacentric
I loko o nā chromosomes submetacentric, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka centromere ma ke kikowaena, akā ua hoʻoneʻe iki ʻia i kekahi ʻaoʻao, e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kekahi lima ma mua o kekahi. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau chromosomes me ke ʻano "L".
3. ʻAcrocentric
Loaʻa i kēia ʻano ke centromere kokoke loa i ka hopena o ka chromosome, e hopena ana i hoʻokahi lima lōʻihi loa a me hoʻokahi lima pōkole loa. Hoʻopilikia pinepine kēia kaulike ʻole i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes.
4. Ke kikowaena ʻo Telo
Aia ka centromere o nā chromosomes telocentric ma ka hopena o ka chromosome, e hana ana i hoʻokahi lima wale nō. I loko o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i loaʻa maoli nā chromosomes telocentric, akā loaʻa lākou i kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Nā ʻAno o nā Chromosome ma muli o ka Hana
Ma waho aʻe o ke kau ʻia ʻana ma ke kūlana o ke centromere, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosomes ma muli o kā lākou hana i loko o ke kino:
1. Nā Chromosome Autosomal
ʻO nā chromosomes autosomal nā hui mua he 22 o nā chromosomes kanaka. ʻAʻole lākou e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kāne o ke kanaka, akā lawe lākou i nā ʻano genes like ʻole e kāohi ana i nā ʻano hana olaola. Hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā mutation i loko o kēia mau chromosomes ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi genetic hoʻoilina.
2. Nā Chromosome Moe
ʻO nā chromosome moekolohe ka 23 o nā chromosome i loko o ke kanaka, nāna ke kuleana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kāne. ʻElua ʻano o nā chromosome moekolohe o ke kanaka: X a me Y. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻelua mau chromosome X (XX) o nā wahine, a ʻo hoʻokahi chromosome X a me hoʻokahi chromosome Y (XY) o nā kāne. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka chromosome Y i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano moekolohe lua.
Nā ʻokoʻa a me nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka Chromosome
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā loli, a i ʻole nā ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano o ka chromosome, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi i kahi meaola. Aia kekahi mau ʻano loli koʻikoʻi o ka chromosome:
1. Holoi ʻana (Pohō)
Hana ʻia kēia ke nalowale a holoi ʻia paha kahi ʻāpana o kahi chromosome, a hiki i ka hopena o ka nalowale ʻana o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā genes koʻikoʻi.
2. Hana pālua
Hana ʻia ke hana pālua ʻia kahi ʻāpana o kahi chromosome, e ʻike ʻia ai ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i loko o ka genome.
3. Hoʻohuli
Hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻāpana chromosome a hoʻokomo hou ʻia i loko o ka chromosome, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene ma ia wahi.
4. Hoʻololi ʻana
ʻO ke kūkaʻi ʻana o nā ʻāpana ma waena o nā chromosomes ʻaʻole like. Hiki i kēia ke hana i nā loli nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā gene, e alakaʻi ana i nā maʻi a i ʻole nā maʻi genetic.
5. ʻAneuploidy
He kūlana kahi i loaʻa ai i nā cell kahi helu ʻē o nā chromosomes. No ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia ka Down syndrome e ke alo o kahi kope keu o ka chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
Nā Haʻawina Chromosome ma ka Lapaʻau a me ka Noiʻi
Ua wehe ke aʻo ʻana i nā chromosomes i nā mea hiki ke hana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka genetics. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā chromosome, kekahi o ia mea i hana ʻia ma o kahi ʻano hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka karyotyping, e pili ana i ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i nā chromosomes a me ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou no nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hana.
Hana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻāʻo prenatal e ʻike i nā ʻano chromosomal i loko o ka fetus, e like me ka trisomy 21, e hoʻokumu i nā hana pale mua. Hoʻokomo pū ka noiʻi genetic i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mutations chromosomal i ka maʻi kanesa. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka maʻi kanesa me nā mutations i loko o nā chromosomes, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kaʻina o ka maʻi a i ʻole ka pane a ka mea maʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā chromosome i ka hoʻoilina genetic a me ka hana o nā meaola. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano chromosome, ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano a me ka hana, hāʻawi i ka ʻike hohonu i ka biology molecular a me ka genetics. He mea nui nā chromosome ʻaʻole wale no nā mea noiʻi a me nā kānaka ʻepekema akā no ka poʻe e pili ana i ka mālama ola kino, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻike i ka ʻike a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi genetic. Me ka holomua mau o ka ʻenehana a me ka noiʻi, e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o kā mākou ʻike i nā chromosome a me ko lākou hopena i ke ola, e wehe ana i ka puka i kahi wā e hiki mai ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau pilikino a maikaʻi hoʻi.
