Histogram: Hōʻike ʻIkepili no ka Nānā Hohonu
ʻO ka histogram kahi ʻano kiʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā helu helu e hōʻike i ka hoʻolaha pinepine ʻana o kahi ʻikepili. ʻAʻole e like me nā pakuhi pā, kahi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka ʻikepili i hui pū ʻia, hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia nā histograms no ka ʻikepili hoʻomau. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e wehewehe hohonu mākou i ke ʻano o ka histogram, pehea e hana ai i hoʻokahi, kona koʻikoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili, a me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o kona hoʻohana ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
He aha ka Histogram?
Ma kona ʻano maʻalahi loa, ʻo ka histogram kahi ʻano kiʻi pā e hōʻike ana i ke alapine (frequency) o ka ʻikepili helu e hāʻule ana i loko o nā wā like ʻole, a i ʻole "bins." Hōʻike kēlā me kēia pā i loko o kahi histogram i ka helu o nā kiko ʻikepili i loko o kēlā wā. He mau mea hana pono loa nā Histograms i nā helu helu a me ka nānā ʻikepili no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i kahi hōʻike ʻike maka o ka hoʻolaha ʻikepili, ka loli, a me nā ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai kahi papa o nā helu wale nō.
Pehea e hana ai i kahi Histogram
ʻO ka hana mua i ka hana ʻana i kahi histogram, ʻo ia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻikepili helu āu e makemake ai e kālailai. Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili, eia nā hana e hana ai i kahi histogram:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka laulā o ka ʻikepili:
E hoʻomaka ma ka wehewehe ʻana i kāu laulā ʻikepili, ʻo ia hoʻi nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka haʻahaʻa loa.
2. E koho i ka helu o nā ʻōpala:
E koho i ka helu o nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā wā. ʻAʻohe kānāwai paʻa a wikiwiki no kēia helu, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau alakaʻi, e like me ke kānāwai a Sturges a i ʻole ke kānāwai kumu kuea.
3. E helu i ka laulā o ka pahu:
E puʻunaue i ka laulā ʻikepili ma ka helu o nā ʻōpala e loaʻa ai ka laulā o kēlā me kēia ʻōpala.
4. E hana i nā wā ma waena:
E hoʻoholo i ka wā no kēlā me kēia ʻōpala ma muli o ka laulā i helu ʻia.
5. E helu i nā alapine (pinepine):
E helu i ka helu o nā kiko ʻikepili e hāʻule ana i loko o kēlā me kēia wā.
6. E kaha kiʻi i nā kaola:
E kahakiʻi i kahi pā no kēlā me kēia ʻōpala, kahi e hōʻike ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā i ka nui o ka ʻikepili ma ia wā.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Histograms i ka ʻIkepili ʻIkepili
ʻAʻole hōʻike wale nā Histograms i ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano maka akā kōkua pū kekahi i kekahi mau ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili, e like me:
1. Ke ʻike nei i nā ʻano hoʻolaha:
Ma ka nānā ʻana i kahi histogram, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo koke inā ua hoʻolaha maʻamau ʻia ka ʻikepili, i waenakonu, i hoʻokahe ʻia i ka hema a i ʻole ka ʻākau, a i ʻole he mau ʻano like ʻole.
2. E ʻike i nā mea i waho:
Hiki i nā Histograms ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā outliers a i ʻole ka ʻikepili i mamao loa mai nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
3. Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻAno like ʻole:
Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia ka laha ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano o kahi histogram.
4. Hoʻomaʻalahi i ke kamaʻilio ʻana:
Ma nā hōʻike a i ʻole nā hōʻike, he mea hana kūpono nā histograms no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hopena loiloi i nā poʻe i nele paha i kahi ʻike helu.
Laʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Histogram
He nui nā noi o nā Histograms ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻoihana a hiki i ka ʻenekinia. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:
1. Helu Helu Kanaka:
Hoʻohana nā demographers i nā histograms e aʻo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā makahiki ma kahi heluna kanaka.
2. ʻOihana Hana Hana:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā histograms e nānā i nā kaʻina hana maikaʻi, no ka laʻana i ka kaohi maikaʻi o ka huahana.
3. Kālā:
Hoʻohana nā mea loiloi kālā i nā histograms e kālailai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hoʻihoʻi hoʻopukapuka kālā.
4. Hoʻonaʻauao:
Hoʻohana nā kumu a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao i nā histograms e kālailai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā helu hoʻāʻo haumāna.
Pehea e heluhelu ai i kahi Histogram
He mea maʻalahi loa ka heluhelu ʻana i kahi histogram. Hōʻike ka axis horizontal (x-axis) i nā intervals (a i ʻole bins) o ka ʻikepili, ʻoiai ʻo ka axis vertical (y-axis) e hōʻike ana i ke alapine a i ʻole ka nui o ka ʻikepili i kēlā me kēia interval. Hōʻike ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā i ka nui o ka ʻikepili i loko o kēlā bin.
Eia kekahi mau kumu koʻikoʻi i ka heluhelu ʻana i kahi histogram:
1. Ka piko kiʻekiʻe loa:
ʻO ka piko kiʻekiʻe loa a i ʻole ka piko e hōʻike ana i ka waena a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka ʻikepili. Hāʻawi kēia piko i kahi hōʻailona o ka nui o ka ʻikepili.
2. Ka Hoʻolaha ʻIkepili:
Hāʻawi ka laulā o ka hoʻolaha i kahi kiʻi pololei o ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻikepili.
3. Palapala Hoʻolaha:
Hāʻawi ke ʻano o ka histogram i ka ʻike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻikepili, no ka laʻana inā he maʻamau, bimodal, a multimodal paha ka ʻikepili.
4. ʻAno o ka huelo:
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā wēlau o kahi histogram (a i ʻole "huelo") e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ʻikepili i nā outliers a i ʻole nā kuʻuna.
Nā ʻAno o nā Histograms
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā histograms i kekahi mau ʻano e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻikepili:
1. Histogram Hoʻokaʻawale Maʻamau:
Hōʻike i ka ʻikepili i hoʻolaha maʻamau ʻia me kahi piko ma waena a me ke kaulike ma ka hema a me ka ʻākau.
2. Ka Papa Kuhikuhi Bimodal:
Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau piko e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau seti ʻikepili kaʻawale ma ka hoʻolaha.
3. Histogram ʻĀkau-Kīkoʻo:
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi huelo lōʻihi ma ka ʻākau, e hōʻike ana aia ka hapa nui o ka ʻikepili ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.
4. Histogram i hoʻohuli ʻia ma ka hema:
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi huelo lōʻihi ma ka hema, e hōʻike ana aia ka hapa nui o ka ʻikepili ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau.
5. Histogram Multimodal:
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā piko he nui e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui nui o ka ʻikepili ma mua o ʻelua.
Polokalamu no ka hana ʻana i nā Histograms
Aia kekahi mau polokalamu a me nā mea hana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā histograms, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea:
1. Excel:
Hāʻawi ʻo Microsoft Excel i kahi hiʻohiʻona e hana maʻalahi i nā histograms me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Analysis Toolpak.
2. R:
He ʻōlelo papahana helu maikaʻi loa ʻo R no ka hana ʻana i nā histograms me nā hana e like me `hist()`.
3. Python:
ʻO Python me nā hale waihona puke e like me Matplotlib lāua ʻo Seaborn e ʻae i ka hana maʻalahi ʻana o nā histograms.
4. Polokalamu SPSS/Helu:
Hāʻawi pū nā polokalamu helu ʻoihana e like me SPSS i nā hiʻohiʻona no ka hana ʻana i nā histograms.
Ka hopena
He mau mea hana ikaika a maʻalahi hoʻi nā Histograms i ka loiloi ʻikepili. Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻike maka maʻalahi, kōkua nā histograms i nā mea loiloi a me nā mea noiʻi e ʻike i nā ʻano, nā anomalies, a me nā ʻike waiwai mai ka ʻikepili. Inā no nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao, ʻoihana, a i ʻole nā kumu ʻenekinia, ʻo nā histograms kekahi o nā ʻano hana kūpono loa no ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻike helu. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana pehea e hana ai a wehewehe i nā histograms, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa.
