Nā Hydrocarbons: Ke Kumu o ke Kemika Hou
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā hydrocarbons he mau hui organik i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me hydrogen (H). Ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana nui o nā wahie mōʻalihaku a me nā lubricants, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hydrocarbons i ke ola hou. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hydrocarbons, mai ko lākou ʻano a me nā ʻano a hiki i kā lākou noi ʻoihana a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni.
ʻAno a me nā ʻano o nā Hydrocarbons
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrocarbons i kekahi mau ʻāpana e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano kemika:
1. ʻAlkanes: ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he paraffins, ʻo nā alkanes he mau hydrocarbons saturated nona nā pilina hoʻokahi wale nō ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), a me ka propane (C₃H₈).
2. Alkenes: Loaʻa i kēia mau hydrocarbons unsaturated ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina pālua ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā alkenes he ethylene (C₂H₄), propylene (C₃H₆), a me butylene (C₄H₈).
3. Alkynes: Loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina triple ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona, ʻo nā alkynes e like me ka acetylene (C₂H₂) he laʻana.
4. ʻAla: Loaʻa i nā hydrocarbons ʻala a aryl paha kahi apo benzene i loko o ko lākou ʻano a hōʻike i ke kūpaʻa kūikawā. Laʻana: benzene (C₆H₆).
Nā Waiwai Kino a me Kemika o nā Hydrocarbons
Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā waiwai o nā hydrocarbons e ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao kalapona a me ke ʻano o ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hydrocarbons he nonpolar, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik. ʻOi aku ka inert o nā Alkanes, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka reactive o nā alkenes a me nā alkynes ma muli o ke alo o kā lākou mau pilina pālua.
Ka Hana ʻana a me nā Kumuwaiwai Hydrocarbon
1. ʻAno: ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hydrocarbons a mākou e hoʻohana ai, mai nā kumu kūlohelohe e like me ka petroleum, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, a me ka lanahu. He hui paʻakikī ka petroleum o nā hydrocarbons like ʻole e pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma o nā kaʻina hana fractionation e loaʻa ai nā huahana pono e like me ka gasoline, diesel, a me ke kerosene.
2. Hana ʻia: Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hydrocarbons i loko o ka hale hana ma o nā hopena kemika like ʻole, no ka laʻana ka hopena Grignard a me ka hopena Wittig.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā Hydrocarbons i ka ʻoihana
He mea nui loa nā hydrocarbons ma nā ʻāpana hoʻokele waiwai like ʻole:
1. Ikehu: Hoʻohana ʻia nā Alkanes e like me ka methane ma ke ʻano he wahie nui no ka hana mana a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka lewa.
2. Nā Mea Maka Kemika: He mau mea mua koʻikoʻi nā Alkenes a me nā mea ʻala i ka ʻoihana kemika. ʻO Ethylene, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka polyethylene, kekahi o nā plastics maʻamau o ka honua.
3. Nā Lubricants a me nā mea hoʻonani: ʻO nā aila mineral, ka mea i hana nui ʻia me nā hydrocarbons, hoʻohana ʻia i nā lubricants mīkini a me nā huahana hoʻonani.
4. Lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau: Hoʻohana ʻia nā hydrocarbons Phenolic (nā mea i loaʻa mai nā hydrocarbons ʻala) i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā antiseptic.
Ka hopena o nā Hydrocarbons i ke kaiapuni
ʻOiai he mea pono loa ia, he hopena koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrocarbons i ke kaiapuni:
1. Ka Haumia o ka Ea: ʻO ka puhi ʻana i nā hydrocarbons e hoʻopuka i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ke kalapona ʻokikene (CO₂) a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe e kōkua ana i ka loli o ke aniau a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ea.
2. Nā Ninini ʻAila: Hiki i nā hanana e like me nā ninini ʻaila ke loaʻa ka hopena weliweli i nā kaiaolaola kai, e hōʻino ana i ke ola kai a hoʻopilikia i ke kaulahao meaʻai.
3. Ka Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Uahi a me ka Smog: Hiki i nā hydrocarbons unsaturated i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa ke hana me ka oxygen a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe e hana i ka smog he mea hōʻino ia i ke olakino kanaka.
Nā Koho ʻē aʻe a me ka Wā e Hiki Mai Ana o nā Hydrocarbons
I mea e hōʻemi ai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ke hoʻomau ʻia nei ka noiʻi ʻana e hoʻomohala i nā koho ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, e like me:
1. Biofuels: ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka biomass i wahie hiki ke lilo i hopena hoʻomau ma mua o nā hydrocarbons fossil.
2. Ikehu Hou: Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ikehu o ka lā, ka makani, a me ka hydrogen ma kahi o nā hydrocarbons e hana i ka uila.
3. ʻEnehana Mālama Kalapona: Ke hoʻomohala nei i ka ʻenehana e hopu a mālama i ka CO₂ i hana ʻia mai ke kuni ʻana o nā hydrocarbons.
Ka hopena
He mau hui like ʻole nā hydrocarbons e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke ola o kēia wā, mai nā kumu ikehu a hiki i nā mea maka no nā ʻoihana kemika a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Eia nō naʻe, lawe pū mai kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana me ia i kekahi mau pilikia kaiapuni e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia. Ma o ka hana hou ʻenehana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kumu ikehu hoʻomau, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻemi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hydrocarbon, e hōʻoia ana i ko mākou hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka honua a mākou e noho nei. ʻO ka noiʻi hou aʻe a me nā kulekele i ʻike ʻia e lilo i mea nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia kaulike.
