Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka inoa o nā hui organik
ʻO ke kemika organik kahi lālā o ke kemika e aʻo ana i ke ʻano, nā waiwai, ka haku mele ʻana, nā hopena, a me ka synthesis o nā hui kalapona, nā molekala kumu o ke ola. I loko o ke kemika organik, ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa ka inoa ʻana i kahi hui. Aia nā lula maʻamau i ʻike ʻia ʻo IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Nomenclature i hoʻohana ʻia e inoa i kēia mau hui organik. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka nomenclature o nā hui organik e pili ana i nā lula IUPAC.
Hoʻolauna i ka Papa Inoa Hui Organic
Ma mua o ko mākou komo ʻana i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā nīnau, he manaʻo maikaʻi e nānā pōkole i nā lula kumu no ka nomenclature o nā hui organik:
1. Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke kaulahao nui: ʻO ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa e loaʻa ana ka hui hana nui.
2. Ka helu ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona ma ke kaulahao nui: Hana ʻia ka helu ʻana i loaʻa i ka hui hana nui ka helu haʻahaʻa loa.
3. Ka inoa ʻana o nā mea pani: Ua kapa ʻia a hoʻonoho ʻia nā hui pani i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kaulahao nui ma muli o ka helu o ka ʻātoma kalapona a lākou i hoʻopili ʻia ai.
4. Inā he ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi pani, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano pīʻāpā, a inā he ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi pani o ke ʻano like, e hoʻohana i ka prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1
E hāʻawi i ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui aʻe:
Kūkākūkā:
1. E ʻike i ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa: Loaʻa iā mākou ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa me 6 mau ʻātoma kalapona, no laila ʻo ia ke kaulahao nui.
2. Hui hana nui: Maanei mākou e ʻike ai i ka hui waiʻona (-OH) ma ka helu kalapona 2.
3. Ka helu ʻana o ke kaulahao nui: Hoʻomaka ka helu ʻana mai ka hopena kokoke loa i ka hui -OH i hiki ai iā -OH ke kau ma ka helu kalapona 2.
4. Nā pani ʻē aʻe: Aia kahi hui methyl (-CH₃) ma ka helu kalapona 4.
Inoa IUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
Nīnau 2
E hāʻawi i ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui aʻe:
Kūkākūkā:
1. E ʻike i ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa e komo pū ana me ka hui hana nui: ʻo ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa he 7 mau ʻātoma.
2. Hui hana nui: Loaʻa iā mākou ka hui carboxylic (carboxylic acid) ma ka hopena o ke kaulahao.
3. Ka helu ʻana o ke kaulahao: Hoʻomaka ka helu ʻana mai ka hopena e loaʻa ana ka hui carboxylate.
4. Nā pani ʻē aʻe: Aia kahi hui ethyl (-C₂H₅) ma ka helu kalapona 3.
Inoa IUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
Nīnau 3
E hoʻoholo i ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui aʻe:
Kūkākūkā:
1. E ʻike i ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa me ka pani nui loa (kaulahao kumu: 5 mau ʻātoma kalapona).
2. Hui hana nui: ʻAʻohe i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻike maka, kālele ana i nā mea pani.
3. Ka helu ʻana o ke kaulahao mai ka hopena kokoke loa i ka pani nui.
4. Nā pani ʻē aʻe: aia nā hui chloro (-Cl) ma nā helu kalapona 2 a me 4.
Inoa IUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
Nīnau 4
ʻO ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui aʻe:
Kūkākūkā:
1. ʻO ke kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi loa (loaʻa iā ia he 3 mau ʻātoma kalapona).
2. Hui hana nui: Hui ʻona (-OH) ma ka helu kalapona 1.
3. ʻAʻohe pani ʻē aʻe.
Inoa IUPAC: propan-1-ol
Nīnau 5
E hāʻawi i ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui cyclic ma lalo nei:
Kūkākūkā:
1. ʻAno hana cyclic kumu: Cyclohexane (6 mau ʻātoma kalapona).
2. Nā hui hana nui: Hui ʻona (-OH) ma ka helu kalapona 1 a me ka ethyl ma ka helu kalapona 4.
3. E inoa i nā pani ʻē aʻe i loko o ka cyclic.
Inoa IUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Nā Nīnau Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Hou Aʻe
No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kou ʻike, eia kekahi mau nīnau hou aʻe hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo:
1. He aha ka inoa IUPAC o kēia hui? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. E hāʻawi i ka inoa IUPAC o: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. E hoʻoholo i ka inoa IUPAC o kēia hui: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. He aha ka inoa IUPAC o kēia hui? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. E hāʻawi i ka inoa IUPAC o ka hui cyclic: C₆H₆ me hoʻokahi methyl substituent (-CH₃).
Nā Kumu o ka Inoa ʻana i nā Hui Hana Laulā
1. Nā Alkanes: Loaʻa nā pilina kalapona-kalapona (CC) σ wale nō.
2. Alkenes: Loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina pālua (C=C).
3. Alkynes: Loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina triple (C≡C).
4. ʻAila: Loaʻa ka hui hana hydroxyl (-OH).
5. Aldehydes: Loaʻa kahi hui formyl (-CHO).
6. Ketone: Loaʻa kahi hui carbonyl (C=O) i hoʻopuni ʻia e ʻelua mau hui alkyl.
7. Waikawa Carboxylic: Loaʻa kahi hui carboxyl (–COOH).
8. Ester: Loaʻa kahi hui carbonyl (C=O) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia iā -OR.
Ka hopena
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka nomenclature o nā hui organik no ke kamaʻilio maopopo a me ka pale ʻana i ka huikau i ke aʻo ʻana i ka kemika. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka inoa ʻana i kēia mau hui e like me nā lula IUPAC, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano hui organik like ʻole a mākou e hālāwai ai. He wahi hoʻomaka maikaʻi kēia ʻatikala no ka ʻimi hohonu ʻana i ke ao o ka kemika organik a me kona nomenclature. E hoʻomau i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana me nā pilikia like ʻole a me nā ʻimi e hoʻoikaika i kou ʻike.
