Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i nā kukuna Gamma a me nā kukuna X
I loko o ke kinoea, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka kinoea nukelea a me ke kinoea lapaʻau, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā kukuna gamma a me nā kukuna X. Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻano ʻelua o ka radiation electromagnetic nā alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikehu lawa e komo ai i loko o nā mea paʻa, e lilo ana lākou i mau mea hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa a hiki i ke kiʻi lapaʻau. E nānā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā kukuna gamma a me nā kukuna X, me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike.
1. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā kukuna Gamma a me nā kukuna X
Nā kukuna gamma
ʻO nā kukuna Gamma kahi ʻano o ka radiation electromagnetic i hana ʻia e ka palaho radioactive i loko o nā nuclei atomika. He alapine kiʻekiʻe loa kēia radiation, ʻoi aku ma mua o 10^19 Hz, a he nalu pōkole loa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 10 picometers. Loaʻa i nā kukuna Gamma ka mana komo kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki ke komo i loko o nā papa mānoanoa o nā mea.
X-ray
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hana ʻia nā kukuna X mai nā hoʻololi electron i loko o nā ʻātoma, ʻoiai ke pani ʻia nā electrons mai nā pūpū o loko e nā electrons mai nā pūpū o waho e iho i lalo e lawe i ko lākou wahi. ʻO ke alapine (frequency) o nā kukuna X mai 10^16 Hz a i 10^21 Hz, me nā nalu ma waena o 0.01 nm a me 10 nm. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kukuna X i ka radiography lapaʻau a me ka crystallography X-ray.
2. Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ikehu Kukui Gamma
Nīnau:
ʻO ka nalu o kahi kukuna o nā kukuna gamma he 0.01 nm. E helu i ka ikehu photon o ke kukuna gamma. (E hoʻohana i ke kūpaʻa o Planck h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js a me ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama c = 3 x 10^8 m/s).
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki ke helu ʻia ka ikehu photon me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana:
\[ E = \frac{h \cdot c}{\lambda} \]
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (λ) = 0.01 nm = 0.01 x 10^-9 m = 10^-11 m
– ʻO ke kūpaʻa o Planck (h) = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
\[ E = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}{10^{-11}} \]
\[ E = \frac{19.878 \times 10^{-26}}{10^{-11}} \]
\[ E = 1.9878 \times 10^{-14} \text{J} \]
No laila, ʻo ka ikehu o ke photon kukuna gamma he 1.9878 x 10^-14 J.
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Ka Hoʻopili ʻana o ke Kukui X
Nīnau:
Hoʻopili kahi mea i 70% o ka ikaika o nā kukuna X e hele ana ma o ia mea. Inā ʻo ka ikaika mua o nā kukuna X he 5 W/m^2, he aha ka ikaika o nā kukuna X ma hope o ka hala ʻana ma o ka mea?
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki ke helu ʻia ka ikaika hope loa o nā kukuna X (\(I_{final}\)) ma ka unuhi ʻana i ka ikaika i omo ʻia e ka mea mai ka ikaika mua (\(I_{initial}\)).
\[ I_{hopena} = I_{initial} – (I_{initial} \times \text{pakeneka omo}) \]
\[ I_{hopena} = 5 \, \kikokikona{W/m}^2 – (5 \, \kikokikona{W/m}^2 \times 0.70) \]
\[ I_{hopena} = 5 \, \kikokikona{W/m}^2 – 3.5 \, \kikokikona{W/m}^2 \]
\[ I_{hopena} = 1.5 \, \kikokikona{W/m}^2 \]
No laila, ʻo ka ikaika o nā kukuna X ma hope o ka hala ʻana i loko o ka mea he 1.5 W/m^2.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Hoʻohālikelike o ke Kukui Gamma a me ka Penetrate X-Ray
Nīnau:
Inā he 1 MeV a me 100 keV ka ikehu o nā kukuna gamma a me nā kukuna X, ʻo wai ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke komo ʻana i nā mea paʻa a no ke aha?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka radiation electromagnetic i loko o kahi mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka ikehu o kona mau photons. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu photon, ʻo ka nui o kona hiki ke komo i loko o ka mea.
– Ikehu kukuna gamma: 1 MeV (1 MeV = 1 x 10^6 eV)
– Ka ikehu X-ray: 100 keV (100 keV = 100 x 10^3 eV)
ʻOi aku ka nui o 1 MeV ma mua o 100 keV, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu o nā kukuna gamma ma mua o nā kukuna X. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kukuna gamma ke komo i loko o nā mea paʻa ma mua o nā kukuna X.
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Ka Hoʻohana ʻana i nā Kukui Gamma i ka Lāʻau Lapaʻau
Nīnau:
I ka radiotherapy kanesa, hāʻawi ʻia nā kukuna gamma ma kahi ikaika nui i nā ʻiʻo i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Inā ʻo ka ikaika nui i koi ʻia he 2 Grays (Gy) a ʻo ke kahe o ke kukuna gamma he 0.4 Gy/min, pehea ka lōʻihi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau?
Kūkākūkā:
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka manawa lapaʻau, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ke kahe o ka lāʻau, a me ka manawa.
\[ \text{Huina mahele lāʻau} = \text{Kahe mahele lāʻau} \times \text{Manawa} \]
\[ 2 \, \text{Gy} = 0.4 \, \text{Gy/min} \times \text{Manawa} \]
No laila, ʻo ka manawa lapaʻau:
\[ \text{Manawa} = \frac{2 \, \text{Gy}}{0.4 \, \text{Gy/min}} \]
\[ \text{Manawa} = 5 \, \text{minuke} \]
No laila, pono e hana i ke kaʻina hana no 5 mau minuke.
Laʻana Nīnau 5: Hoʻopili ʻana o nā X-Rays i ke Kiʻi Lapaʻau
Nīnau:
I ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kukuna X, hoʻopuka kahi mea hoʻoili kukuna X i ka radiation no 0.1 kekona ma kahi mea a hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni me kahi paʻa o ke kiʻi. Inā hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ka mea hoʻoili e hoʻopuka i ka radiation no 0.2 kekona, pehea e loli ai ka paʻa o ke kiʻi ma ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua kūlike pololei ka nui o ke kiʻi ma ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni X-ray i ka nui o ka radiation i loaʻa i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ma ka pāpālua ʻana i ka manawa hōʻike mai 0.1 kekona a i 0.2 kekona, e pāpālua pū ka nui o ka radiation i loaʻa.
No laila, e pālua ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ke aka ma luna o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
Pani
ʻO nā kukuna Gamma a me nā kukuna X ʻelua mau ʻano ikehu loa o ka radiation electromagnetic me nā noi he nui ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma o nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā ma luna, ua ʻike mākou pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau manaʻo kumu o ka physics radiation i nā helu hana a me nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā e like me ka radiotherapy kanesa a me ke kiʻi lapaʻau.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā waiwai o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua o ka radiation e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻohana pono i nā ʻenehana pili a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ola a me ke olakino lehulehu ma o nā noi lapaʻau hou.
