Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā ma nā Polymers kūlohelohe
ʻO nā polymers kūlohelohe he mau hui kūlohelohe me nā molekala nui i hoʻokumu ʻia mai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo monomers. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau polymers i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā ʻoihana lapaʻau. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā polymers kūlohelohe e komo pū ana me ka cellulose, nā protein, ka rubber kūlohelohe, a me nā waikawa nucleic. Ma lalo nei, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā polymers kūlohelohe e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i kēia kumuhana.
Nīnau 1: ʻAno a me ka Hana o nā Polymers Kūlohelohe
Nīnau:
ʻO ka cellulose a me nā protein ʻelua ʻano polymers kūlohelohe like ʻole. E wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa kūkulu ma waena o ka cellulose a me nā protein a me kā lākou hana i nā meaola ola.
Kūkākūkā:
Kapili:
He polymer carbohydrate ka Cellulose i haku ʻia me nā monomers glucose. Hoʻopili ʻia ka glucose i loko o ka cellulose e nā pilina 1,4-β-glycosidic. He linear ke ʻano o ka Cellulose a ʻo nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā kaulahao glucose e hoʻoikaika loa ia a kū i ka palaho.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā protein he mau polymers amino acid i haku ʻia me nā kaulahao lōʻihi o nā waikawa amino i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pilina peptide. Ua māhele ʻia ke ʻano o ka protein i kekahi mau pae: mua (hoʻonohonoho linear o nā waikawa amino), lua (ʻano α-helical a i ʻole β-sheet i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pilina hydrogen), tertiary (ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pelu ʻana i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pilina ma waena o nā kaulahao ʻaoʻao amino acid), a me quaternary (nā pilina ma waena o kekahi mau kaulahao polypeptide).
Hana:
ʻO ka Cellulose ke ʻano nui o nā paia o nā cell mea kanu. Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika a me ka elasticity, kōkua i nā mea kanu e kū pololei, a pale i nā cell mai ka hōʻino mechanical. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Cellulose ma ke ʻano he mea maka i nā ʻoihana e like me ka pepa, nā lole, a me nā plastics biodegradable.
He nui nā hana a nā protein i loko o nā meaola ola, me ke ʻano he mau enzyme e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena kemika, ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana kūkulu (e.g., collagen i loko o ka ʻili a me nā ʻiʻo pili), ma ke ʻano he hormones e hoʻoponopono i nā hana physiological like ʻole, ma ke ʻano he antibodies e hakakā i nā maʻi, a ma ke ʻano he mau protein halihali e hoʻoneʻe i kekahi mau molekala ma waena o nā membrane cell.
Nīnau 2: Nā Waiwai Kino a me nā Kemika o nā Polymers Kūlohelohe
Nīnau:
E kūkākūkā i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka laholio kūlohelohe a wehewehe pehea e hiki ai i ka vulcanization ke hoʻopili i kēia mau waiwai.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka laholio kūlohelohe (a i ʻole latex) he polymer kūlohelohe nona ka ʻāpana nui he polyisoprene. ʻO ka waiwai kino nui o ka laholio kūlohelohe ʻo ia kona elasticity, e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻi i kona ʻano mua ma hope o ke kīkoʻo ʻia a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka laholio maoli maka he hemahema o ka hiki ke maʻalahi i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, ka oxidation, a me ka abrasion.
ʻO nā waiwai kemika o ka laholio kūlohelohe e komo pū me ka solubility i loko o nā solvents organik non-polar a me ka ʻike ʻia i ka oxidation a me ka degradation thermal. ʻO kona ʻano linear, non-network e hiki ai i nā molekala ke paheʻe ma mua o kekahi i kekahi, e hoʻopili ana i ka laholio kūlohelohe i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a palupalu i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka Vulcanization kahi hana kemika i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical o ka rubber kūlohelohe ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā cross-link ma waena o nā kaulahao polymer ma o ka hoʻomehana ʻana me ka sulfur. Hoʻonui kēia kaʻina hana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka deformation, hāʻawi i ka paʻa wela maikaʻi aʻe, a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka wai a me ka omo kemika. Hoʻemi pū ka Vulcanization i ka stickiness o ka rubber kūlohelohe i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻonui i kona ikaika, e hoʻolilo ana i ka rubber vulcanized i ʻoi aku ka paʻa a me ka pale ʻana i ka abrasion.
Nīnau 3: Hana ʻana o nā Polymers Kūlohelohe
Nīnau:
Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka biosynthesis protein i loko o nā pūnaewele a he aha ke kuleana o RNA i kēia kaʻina hana?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua kapa ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka biosynthesis protein i loko o nā cell he unuhi, ʻo ia ke kahua hope loa o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka genetic. Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i loko o nā ribosomes, nā organelles kuleana no ka synthesis protein, a pili i kekahi mau ʻano RNA: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), a me rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
1. Ka Hoʻololi ʻana:
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuihui protein me ka transcription, kahi e kope ʻia ai ka ʻāpana DNA e hoʻopili ana i ka gene no kahi protein kikoʻī i loko o ka mRNA. Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i loko o ka nucleus cell, a laila hele ka mRNA hopena i ka cytoplasm.
2. Unuhi:
Ke komo ka mRNA i loko o ka cytoplasm, launa pū ia me nā ribosomes. Hele ka ribosome ma ke kaula mRNA, a lawe nā tRNA i nā waikawa amino e pili ana i nā codons mRNA i nā ribosomes. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia tRNA kahi anticodon e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka codon e pili ana ma ka mRNA, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ua hoʻohui ʻia ka waikawa amino kūpono i ke kaulahao polypeptide e ulu ana.
3. Hoʻomaka:
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana unuhi me ka hoʻomaka ʻana, i ka wā e ʻike ai ka ribosome i ka codon hoʻomaka (AUG) ma ka mRNA. Lawe ka tRNA hoʻomaka i ka methionine, ka waikawa amino mua i loko o ke kaulahao polypeptide.
4. Hoʻolōʻihi:
ʻO ka mea aʻe, hoʻohui ke kaʻina hana elongation i nā waikawa amino pākahi i ke kaulahao polypeptide. ʻO ka tRNA e lawe ana i ka waikawa amino aʻe e komo i ka pūnaewele A o ka ribosome, a hana ʻia kahi pilina peptide ma waena o ka waikawa amino ma ka pūnaewele A a me kahi waikawa amino ma ke kaulahao polypeptide e ulu ana.
5. Hoʻopau ʻana:
Hoʻopau ʻia ke kaʻina hana unuhi me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wā e hiki ai ka ribosome i kahi codon hoʻōki (UAA, UAG, a i ʻole UGA) ma ka mRNA. ʻAʻole code kēia codon no kekahi waikawa amino, akā hoʻoulu ia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kaulahao polypeptide i hoʻopau ʻia mai ka ribosome.
Ma loko o kēia kaʻina hana, hana ka mRNA ma ke ʻano he palapala hoʻolālā no ke kaʻina waikawa amino i loko o nā protein, lawe ka tRNA i nā waikawa amino kūpono e pili ana i ke kaʻina codon, a hana ʻo rRNA i ka ʻāpana hana o ka ribosome, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pilina peptide. Hoʻomalu nui ʻia kēia kaʻina hana a hōʻoia i ka kūlike o ka protein hopena me ke code genetic i loko o ka DNA.
Nīnau 4: Nā Polymers Kūlohelohe i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia lā
Nīnau:
E hāʻawi i ʻekolu mau laʻana o nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā polymers kūlohelohe i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a wehewehe i ko lākou mau pono i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā polymers synthetic.
Kūkākūkā:
1. ʻO ka Cellulose i loko o ka Pepa a me nā lole:
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Cellulose i ka ʻoihana pepa ma ke ʻano he mea maka mua. I ka ʻoihana lole, lawelawe ka cellulose ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā olonā kūlohelohe e like me ka pulupulu. ʻO nā pono o ka cellulose ma luna o nā polymers synthetic ʻo ia kona hoʻomau a me ka biodegradability. Hiki i ka Cellulose ke palaho kūlohelohe me ka ʻole o ka haumia ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻole e like me nā polymers synthetic he nui, kahi e lawe ai i nā makahiki he ʻumi a hiki i nā haneli mau makahiki e palaho ai.
2. ʻO ka laholio kūlohelohe i loko o nā kaila kaʻa:
Hoʻohana ʻia ka laholio kūlohelohe i ka hana ʻana i nā huila kaʻa ma muli o kona elasticity a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu. ʻO nā pono o ka laholio kūlohelohe ma luna o ka laholio synthetic e komo pū me kona kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me kona hiki ke hoʻi i kona ʻano mua ma hope o ke kau ʻia ʻana i ke kaumaha. ʻOiai he nui nā noi o ka laholio synthetic, ke hoʻohana mau nei ka laholio kūlohelohe ma muli o kāna hana kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau kūlana.
3. Pūmua i ka Meaʻai a me nā Lāʻau Lapaʻau:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā protein e like me ka albumin a me ka gelatin i nā ʻoihana meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Albumin ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i nā huahana meaʻai, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia ka gelatin i nā capsules lāʻau a me nā mea hoʻohui. ʻO nā pono o kēia mau protein kūlohelohe ko lākou biocompatibility a me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hana ʻia e ke kino, ʻaʻole like me kekahi mau polymers synthetic, hiki ke hana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā hopena allergies.
Hāʻawi nā polymers kūlohelohe i nā pono koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā kemika e hiki ke hoʻohaumia a hōʻino i nā ʻōnaehana ola. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polymers kūlohelohe e kākoʻo pū ana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai hou aʻe a aloha i ke kaiapuni.
Ka hopena
He mea nui nā polymers kūlohelohe no nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola a me ka ʻenehana. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko lākou mau waiwai, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ka biosynthesis, a me nā noi, hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi hohonu i nā pono a me nā hoʻohana kūpono o nā polymers kūlohelohe i nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ke komo ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana ma o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa, e like me nā mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike a me nā noi kūpono o nā polymers kūlohelohe i ko mākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
