Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kelepona
He kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kelepona i ka biology, ʻoiai ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumu o ke ola. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kelepona e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana o kēlā me kēia organelle a pehea e launa pū ai nā kelepona kekahi me kekahi e hana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻōkana i loko o nā meaola ola. Eia nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me kā lākou wehewehe ʻana e hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu o ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kelepona.
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā kelepona nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ola e hana ana i nā mea ola a pau. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kelepona i ʻelua mau māhele nui: nā kelepona prokaryotic a me nā kelepona eukaryotic. ʻAʻohe nucleus i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka membrane i nā kelepona prokaryotic, ʻoiai he nucleus maoli ko nā kelepona eukaryotic i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā kelepona eukaryotic nā ʻano organelles like ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka membrane e hana ana i nā hana kikoʻī.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ke ʻIke ʻana i nā Mea Ola ma muli o ke ʻAno o ke Kelepona
Nīnau: Hāʻawi ʻia i ʻelua ʻano o nā cell i nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope. Loaʻa i ka cell mua kahi nucleus a me mitochondria i ʻike maopopo ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe nucleus i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka membrane i ka lua o nā cell. Ma muli o kēia mau nānā ʻana, e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka meaola e pili ana kēlā me kēia cell.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke kelepona mua e loaʻa ana kahi nucleus a me ka mitochondria ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia he kelepona eukaryotic. Loaʻa pinepine nā kelepona eukaryotic i nā meaola e like me nā protists, fungi, nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka lua o ke kelepona, kahi i nele i kahi nucleus i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka membrane, he kelepona prokaryotic. ʻO nā kelepona prokaryotic he ʻano o nā meaola e like me nā bacteria a me nā archaea. No laila, ma muli o nā nānā ʻana o kēia mau ʻano kelepona, ʻo ke kelepona mua he meaola eukaryotic paha, ʻoiai ʻo ka lua o ke kelepona he meaola prokaryotic.
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Hana a me kahi o nā Organelles
Nīnau: E haʻi i nā hana o nā organelles aʻe a me ko lākou wahi i loaʻa ai: nā chloroplasts, ka reticulum endoplasmic rough, a me nā lysosomes.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Nā Chloroplasts: ʻO kēia mau organelles ke kuleana no ka photosynthesis, ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka ikehu māmā i ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ka glucose. Loaʻa i nā Chloroplasts ka pigment chlorophyll, ka mea e hāʻawi i nā mea kanu i ko lākou kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hopu i ka ikehu māmā. Loaʻa nui kēia mau organelles i nā cell mea kanu a me nā limu.
2. ʻO ka Reticulum Endoplasmic Rough (RER): Hana ka RER i ka hana ʻana o ka protein a me ka hoʻololi mua ʻana o ka protein. Loaʻa kona inoa mai nā ribosomes i hoʻopili ʻia i kona ʻili, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i kahi ʻano ʻino ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻO ka RER kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana endomembrane e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka protein a me ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kelepona. Loaʻa pinepine ka RER i nā pūnaewele eukaryotic o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.
3. Lysosomes: Hana kēia mau organelles ma ke ʻano he kikowaena hoʻoheheʻe o ke kelepona, kahi e wāwahi ʻia ai nā molekala nui i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e nā enzymes hydrolytic. He kuleana ko Lysosomes i ka autophagy, ke kaʻina hana o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana kelepona i hōʻino ʻia a pono ʻole paha. Loaʻa nā Lysosomes i loko o nā kelepona holoholona.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pūnaewele mea kanu a me nā pūnaewele holoholona
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ʻekolu ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā pūnaewele mea kanu a me nā pūnaewele holoholona.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Paia Kelepona: ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike maʻalahi ʻia, ʻo ia ke alo o kahi paia kelepona a puni ka membrane kelepona i nā mea kanu. Hana ʻia kēia paia kelepona me ka cellulose, ka mea e paʻa ai a ikaika ai nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole e like me nā kelepona mea kanu, he membrane plasma wale nō ko nā kelepona holoholona me ka ʻole o kahi paia kelepona.
2. Nā Chloroplasts: Loaʻa i nā cell mea kanu nā chloroplasts i hoʻohana ʻia no ka photosynthesis, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe nā cell holoholona. ʻO ka nele o nā chloroplasts i loko o nā cell holoholona ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka photosynthesis.
3. Nā Vacuoles Nui: ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā vacuoles nui o nā cell mea kanu e hoʻopiha i ka hapa nui o ka nui o ke kelepona, e lawelawe ana e mālama i nā meaʻai a me nā huahana ʻōpala a mālama i ke kaomi turgor. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā vacuoles i loko o nā cell holoholona a ʻaʻole lākou e lawe i kahi nui e like me nā mea kanu.
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi Microscope e nānā i nā cell
Nīnau: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi microscope māmā a me kahi microscope electron i ka nānā ʻana i nā cell?
Kūkākūkā:
– Light Microscope: Hoʻohana i ka mālamalama e hoʻonui i ke kiʻi o kahi hāpana. ʻAe kēia microscope i ka nānā ʻana i nā cell ola a hiki ke hōʻike i nā kala maoli o nā cell a me nā organelles (me ke kōkua o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana). Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻonā o kahi microscope māmā i kahi 200 nanometers.
– Electron Microscope: Hoʻohana i kahi kukuna o nā electrons e hoʻonui i nā kiʻi o kahi laʻana. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā o nā microscope electron ma mua o nā microscope māmā, hiki ke hoʻonā i lalo i ka 0,1 nanometers. Eia nō naʻe, pono e maloʻo nā specimens a uhi pinepine ʻia me ka metala no nā ʻano hana nānā kikoʻī, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i kūpono ʻole no ka nānā ʻana i nā cell ola.
Pani
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā cell he kahua koʻikoʻi ia i ka biology, e kōkua ana iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hana ai nā mea ola ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka nānā ʻana i nā cell e hiki ai iā mākou ke aʻo hou e pili ana i ke ʻano like ʻole o ke ola ma ka pae microscopic. He mea nui kēia ʻike ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻonaʻauao akā no ka noiʻi ʻepekema hoʻi, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā ʻike hou i ka ʻepekema a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia mau nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā, ke manaʻolana nei mākou e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā cell.
