Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu electromagnetic
He hanana kūlohelohe nā nalu electromagnetic e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola hou, mai ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka ʻike mamao a hiki i nā noi lapaʻau. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i nā pilikia hoʻohālike like ʻole a me nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu electromagnetic. Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana e kōkua i nā haumāna e hoʻomaopopo i nā noi maoli o ka manaʻo.
1. Nā Kumu o nā Nalu Electromagnetic
Ma mua o ko kākou komo ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻohālike, e nānā hou kākou i ke ʻano o nā nalu electromagnetic. ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic nā oscillations o nā kahua uila a me nā kahua magnetic e pālahalaha ana ma ka lewa. ʻAʻole pono kēia mau nalu i kahi medium e pālahalaha a hiki ke hele i ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i loko o kahi vacuum (~299,792,458 m/s).
Hoʻopuni ka spectrum electromagnetic i nā ʻano nalu like ʻole e pili ana i ko lākou alapine (frequency), mai nā nalu alapine haʻahaʻa e like me nā nalu lekiō a hiki i nā nalu alapine kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kukuna gamma. Eia kekahi mau ʻano nalu i loko o ka spectrum electromagnetic, me ko lākou mau nalu laulā:
– Nā nalu lekiō (λ > 1 m)
– Nā nalu liʻiliʻi (1 mm < λ < 1 m) - Nā kukuna Infrared (700 nm < λ < 1 mm) - Nā kukui ʻike ʻia (400 nm < λ < 700 nm) - Nā kukui Ultraviolet (10 nm < λ < 400 nm) - Nā kukui X (0.01 nm < λ) <10 nm (λs) < 0.01 nm 2. Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ka Nīnau Kūkākūkā 1: Nīnau Kamaʻilio Lekiō: Hoʻolaha kahi kikowaena lekiō FM ma ke alapine (frequency) o 100 MHz. E helu i ka nalu o kēia hoʻolaha lekiō FM.
Kūkākūkā: Hiki iā kākou ke hoʻohana i ke kaulike kumu o ka wikiwiki o nā nalu electromagnetic (c = λf), kahi: - c = ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (~3 x 10^8 m/s) - λ = ka nalu (ma nā mika) - f = ke alapine (pinepine) o ka nalu (ma Hertz) No ka loaʻa ʻana o λ: λ = c / f = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (100 x 10^6 Hz) = 3 mika No laila, ʻo ka nalu o kahi lekiō FM i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ke alapine o 100 MHz he 3 mika.
Nīnau 2: Ke hoʻomehana ʻana i ka meaʻai me nā Microwaves Nīnau: Hana ka umu microwave ma ke alapine (frequency) o 2.45 GHz. E helu i ka nalu a wehewehe pehea e hoʻomehana ai i ka meaʻai.
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka mea mua, helu mākou i ka nalu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike like: λ = c / f = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (2.45 x 10^9 Hz) = 0.122 mika a i ʻole 12.2 cm Hoʻohana ʻia nā microwave ma kēia nalu i loko o nā umu microwave. Hoʻomehana nā microwave i ka meaʻai ma ke komo ʻana i waho o ka meaʻai a ke hoʻoulu nei i nā mole wai i loko o ka meaʻai e haʻalulu. Hoʻopuka kēia mau haʻalulu i ka wela ma o ka hakakā ma waena o nā molekala i mea e mehana ai ka meaʻai.
Nīnau 3: Nā kukuna X-ray i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Nīnau: ʻO ka nalu o nā kukuna X he 0.1 nm. E helu i ke alapine (frequency) o kēia mau kukuna-X a wehewehe pehea lākou e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Kūkākūkā: Hiki ke helu ʻia ke alapine (frequency) mai ka hoohalike: f = c / λ = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (0.1 x 10^-9 m) = 3 x 10^18 Hz. Loaʻa i nā kukuna X nā alapine (frequencies) kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka ikehu kūpono e komo ai i ka hapa nui o nā mea. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna X e lawe i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā radiographs, e hiki ai i nā kauka ke ʻike i nā ʻano iwi a me kekahi mau ʻiʻo o loko me ka ʻole o ka pono no ke ʻoki ʻana.
Nīnau 4: Ka Hoʻohana ʻana i nā Kukui Infrared Nīnau: Hoʻohana kahi mea hoʻokele mamao kīwī i nā kukuna infrared me ka nalu o 950 nm. E helu i ke alapine (frequency) o nā kukuna infrared.
Kūkākūkā: Ke hoʻohana nei i ka hoʻohālikelike like: f = c / λ = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (950 x 10^-9 m) = 3.16 x 10^14 Hz Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻokele mamao o ke kīwī i nā kukuna infrared i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maka kanaka e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona i ke kīwī. Ke kaomi ʻia kahi pihi mamao, hoʻouna ka hāmeʻa i kahi moʻo o nā pulse infrared i unuhi ʻia e nā mea ʻike ma ke kīwī ma ke ʻano he mau kauoha kikoʻī, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kahawai a i ʻole ka leo.
Nīnau 5: Ka ʻIke ʻia o ke Alanui Mālamalama Nīnau: Inā he 700 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui ʻulaʻula a he 450 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui polū, e helu i ke alapine (frequency) o kēlā me kēia ʻano kukui.
Kūkākūkā: No ke kukui ʻulaʻula: f = c / λ = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (700 x 10^-9 m) = 4.29 x 10^14 Hz No ke kukui polū: f = c / λ = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (450 x 10^-9 m) = 6.67 x 10^14 Hz Aia ke kukui ʻike ʻia i nā nalu like ʻole, a ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia me he kala ʻokoʻa i ka maka kanaka. ʻO ke kukui ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli nā hiʻohiʻona o nā palena nalu o ke kukui ʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā nalu pōkole e like me ka polū ma mua o nā nalu lōʻihi e like me ka ʻulaʻula.
3. Nā Hoʻohana o nā Nalu Electromagnetic He nui nā hoʻohana o nā nalu electromagnetic i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā: Kamaʻilio Uea ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio hou e like me WiFi, Bluetooth, a me nā pūnaewele kelepona hoʻohana i nā alapine lekiō a me nā microwave like ʻole e hoʻouna i ka ʻike me ke uea ʻole. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻenehana nā alapine kikoʻī i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopilikia a hōʻoia i ka kamaʻilio kūpono.
Lapaʻau Ma waho aʻe o nā kukuna X-ray, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā kukuna ultrasonic i nā hōʻailona lapaʻau, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka ultrasound. Hoʻohana ʻia ka radiation therapy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukuna gamma a i ʻole nā kukui X no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, e luku ana i nā hunaola kanesa me nā dosis kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu electromagnetic.
ʻO nā ʻenehana Hoʻokele a me ka ʻIke Mamao e like me ka radar, LIDAR, a me ka ʻike mamao e hoʻohana i nā ʻano nalu like ʻole e ʻike i nā mea a me ke ana ʻana ma nā wahi lōʻihi. Hoʻohana ka GPS i nā satelite e hoʻouna i nā nalu lekiō e hoʻoholo ai i ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻohana ma kekahi wahi ma ka honua.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu electromagnetic mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole o ka spectrum i ka ʻike hōkū e aʻo ai i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā teleskope e nānā ana i nā nalu lōʻihi e like me ke lekiō, ka infrared, a me nā kukuna gamma e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike i hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia me nā teleskope optical maʻamau.
Hopena ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā nalu electromagnetic a me kā lākou noi e pono ai ka ʻike kumu o ke ʻano o kā lākou hana a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma o nā pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā ʻana ma kēia ʻatikala, ua noiʻi mākou i kekahi mau noi kumu e hoʻāla ai i ka hoihoi hou aʻe i kēia kumuhana.
Ke hoʻomau nei nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻepekema. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau kumumanaʻo kumu, hiki iā kākou ke mahalo a hoʻopili maikaʻi iā lākou i ko kākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema hohonu hou aku.
