Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike molekala DNA na Watson lāua ʻo Crick
I ka makahiki 1953, ua hoʻāla ʻo James D. Watson lāua ʻo Francis H.C. Crick i ka honua ʻepekema me kā lāua hoʻopuka ʻana i ke ʻano molekala o ka DNA. ʻO kēia hōʻike ʻana o ke ʻano helix pālua i hāʻawi i ke kumu no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻoilina genetic a ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no nā holomua kupaianaha i ka genetics hou. E nānā kēia pepa i nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike i manaʻo ʻia e Watson lāua ʻo Crick no ka molekala DNA a kūkākūkā i kona mau hopena no ka biology molekala a me ka ʻenehana genetic.
Hoʻolauna i ka DNA
ʻO ka DNA, a i ʻole ka deoxyribonucleic acid, ka molekala e mālama i ka ʻike genetic i loko o nā cell o nā mea ola a pau, me nā kānaka. ʻO ke kumu, ua polymerized ʻia ka DNA i loko o nā kaulahao lōʻihi i hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia ʻo nucleotides. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia nucleotide ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: kahi hui phosphate, kahi kō deoxyribose, a me kekahi o nā kumu nitrogenous ʻehā like ʻole—adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), a me cytosine (C).
Ke Kumu Hoʻohālike Helix Pālua a Watson lāua ʻo Crick
Ua hōʻike ʻo Watson lāua ʻo Crick he ʻelua kaula polynucleotide ka DNA e hana ana i kahi ʻano helix pālua. Holo kēia mau kaula i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe (antiparallel) a ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā hui kumu ma waena o adenine a me thymine, a ma waena o guanine a me cytosine. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau kumu e nā pilina hydrogen: ʻelua mau pilina hydrogen e hoʻopili iā A a me T, ʻoiai ʻekolu mau pilina hydrogen e hoʻopili iā G a me C. Hoʻākāka kēia pilina pili kumu i ke kānāwai o Chargaff, kahi e ʻōlelo ai e like ka helu o A i loko o ka DNA me ka helu o T a e like ka helu o G me ka helu o C.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: He aha nā ʻāpana nui o ka DNA a pehea e hiki ai i ke kaʻina o nā hui kumu ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana genetic?
Kūkākūkā: ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka DNA he mau nucleotides, nona ke kō deoxyribose, kahi hui phosphate, a me ʻehā mau kumu nitrogenous: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), a me cytosine (C). ʻO ke kaʻina kikoʻī o kēia mau hui kumu e hana i kahi gene, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ʻāpana o ka DNA e code no kahi protein a i ʻole RNA mole me kahi hana kikoʻī. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina kumu e ʻae ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike genetic e pono ai no nā hana olaola like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā mutations a i ʻole nā loli i ke kaʻina kumu i loko o kahi gene ke hopena i ka hana protein i hōʻino ʻia a hoʻoulu i nā maʻi genetic.
Nīnau 2: E wehewehe pehea e hōʻoia ai ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kumu hoʻopihapiha i ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA me ka kūpaʻa.
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka hoʻohui kumu hoʻohui ma waena o AT a me GC e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e hiki i kēlā me kēia kaula DNA ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he template no ka synthesis o kahi kaula hoʻohui i ka wā o ka replication. Heluhelu ka enzyme DNA polymerase i ke kaʻina kumu ma ke kaula template a hoʻohui i nā nucleotides hoʻohui i ke kaula i hoʻohui hou ʻia. No ka laʻana, inā loaʻa i ke kaula template ka moʻo AGCT, e loaʻa i ke kaula hoʻohui i hoʻohui hou ʻia ka moʻo TCGA. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka replication DNA pololei i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell kaikamahine ka ʻike genetic like mai ke cell makua.
Nīnau 3: Pehea i hoʻohuli ai nā ʻike a Watson lāua ʻo Crick i ke kahua o ka biotechnology?
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o Watson lāua ʻo Crick i ke ʻano helix pālua o ka DNA i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi kipi i ka biotechnology. ʻO kahi hopena koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻenekinia genetic, me ka ʻenehana DNA recombinant, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā genes kikoʻī. Ua alakaʻi kēia i nā noi hana he nui, e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu transgenic i ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻino, ka hana ʻana o ka insulin recombinant no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi diabetes, a me ka gene therapy e mālama i nā maʻi genetic. Eia kekahi, ua kōkua pū ka ʻike o ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka DNA i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana no ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā maʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana ma o ka papahana genome kanaka.
Ka hopena
ʻAʻole i wehewehe wale ke kumu hoʻohālike molekala o Watson lāua ʻo Crick no ka DNA i nā ʻano hana kumu o ka hoʻoilina genetic akā ua wehe pū i nā ʻaoʻao hou no ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me nā noi biotechnological holomua. Kōkua kēia ʻike iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hana ʻia ai ka ʻike genetic, hoʻoili ʻia, a hoʻoili ʻia mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi, a pehea e hiki ai i nā hoʻololi ma ka pae molekala ke hoʻopilikia i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano ʻenehana, ua kōkua kēia mau holomua i nā hana hou he nui i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ke ola kanaka.
I ka pani ʻana i kēia kūkākūkā, ua maopopo he ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻana o Watson lāua ʻo Crick i ke ʻano o ka DNA ma mua o kahi hoʻokō wale nō ma ke kahua o ka biology molecular; ʻo ia ke ala i ka wā o ka biotechnology e hoʻomau nei i kēia lā e hāʻawi i nā manawa he nui no ka holomua ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ola.
