Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā Metabolism
ʻO ka Metabolism kahi moʻo o nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia i loko o nā cell o nā meaola ola e mālama i ke ola. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i ʻelua mau māhele nui: anabolism a me catabolism. ʻO ka Anabolism ke kaʻina hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā molekala paʻakikī mai nā mea maʻalahi, e pono ai ka ikehu. ʻO ka Catabolism ke kaʻina hana o ka wāwahi ʻana i nā molekala paʻakikī i nā mea maʻalahi, a laila e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu.
I loko o ka biology, he kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka metabolism a he mea paʻakikī pinepine ia no nā haumāna. I mea e kōkua ai iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i kēia kumuhana, e hāʻawi mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou wehewehe ʻana.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ala Glycolysis
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis a kākau i nā huahana hope o kēia ala.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic e hana ʻia ana i loko o ka cytoplasm cell, kahi e wāwahi ʻia ai kekahi mole glucose (C6H12O6) i ʻelua mau mole o ka pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). ʻAʻole pono kēia kaʻina hana i ka oxygen (anaerobic) a hana ʻia i nā ʻanuʻu he ʻumi i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā enzymes kikoʻī.
1. Nā Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomākaukau:
– Hoʻololi ʻia ka glucose i Glucose-6-phosphate e ka enzyme hexokinase.
– A laila hoʻololi ʻia ka Glucose-6-phosphate i fructose-6-phosphate e ka enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase.
– Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Fructose-6-phosphate i ka fructose-1,6-bisphosphate e ka phosphofructokinase.
2. Nā ʻanuʻu mahele:
Ua wāwahi ʻia ʻo Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate i ʻelua mau molekala ʻekolu-kalapona: dihydroxyacetone phosphate a me glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
3. Nā ʻanuʻu hoʻonāukiuki a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ATP:
– Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate i 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate e ka dehydrogenase.
– Hoʻoili ʻia ka Phosphate mai 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate a i ADP e hana i ka ATP a me 3-phosphoglycerate.
– A laila hoʻololi ʻia ka 3-phosphoglycerate i phosphoenolpyruvate.
– ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka phosphate mai ka phosphoenolpyruvate i ADP e hana i ka ATP a me ka pyruvate.
ʻO nā huahana hope loa o ka glycolysis he ʻelua mau molekala o ka pyruvic acid, ʻelua mau molekala ATP ʻupena (ʻehā ATP i hana ʻia akā ʻelua i hoʻohana hou ʻia), a me ʻelua NADH.
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Kaʻapuni Krebs
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke kuleana o ke kaʻina hana Krebs i ka metabolism ikehu o ke kelepona a e papa inoa i nā huahana nui o hoʻokahi kaʻina hana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke kaʻina hana Krebs, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kaʻina hana citric acid a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana TCA, he ala metabolic ia e hana ʻia ana ma mitochondria. Pono kēia kaʻina hana i ka oxygen (aerobic) a he kuleana kona i ka hana ʻana i nā molekala ikehu kiʻekiʻe e like me NADH a me FADH2, i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke kaulahao lawe electron e hana i ka ATP.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana Krebs, hui pū kahi mole acetyl-CoA me ka waikawa oxaloacetic (4C) e hana i ka waikawa citric (6C). A laila, hele ka waikawa citric i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e hana hou i ka waikawa oxaloacetic, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ʻelua mau mole CO2, a hana iā NADH, FADH2, a me ATP (a i ʻole GTP).
ʻO nā hopena nui o hoʻokahi huli o ke kaʻina hana Krebs (e hoʻomaka ana me hoʻokahi acetyl-CoA):
– 3 mau molekole NADH
– 1 molekole o FADH2
– 1 molekole o ATP (a i ʻole GTP)
– 2 mau molekole CO2
A laila e hoʻololi ʻia ʻo NADH a me FADH2 i ATP ma o ke kaulahao lawe uila.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Kaulahao Hoʻoili Uila
Nīnau: E wehewehe pehea e pili ai ke kaulahao lawe uila i ka hana ʻana o ATP a e kapa i kahi o kēia kaʻina hana i loko o ke kelepona.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke kaulahao lawe uila (ETC) ka ʻāpana hope loa o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona a loaʻa i loko o ka membrane o loko o ka mitochondria. ʻO kāna kuleana nui ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ATP ma o ka phosphorylation oxidative.
ʻO NADH a me FADH2, i hana ʻia e ka glycolysis a me ke kaʻina hana Krebs, e hāʻawi i nā electrons i kēia kaulahao. Ke kahe nei nā electrons ma o kahi moʻo o nā ʻāpana protein paʻakikī i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka membrane mitochondrial. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā e kahe ai nā electrons e pamu i nā protons (H+) mai ka matrix mitochondrial i loko o ka hakahaka intermembrane, e hana ana i kahi gradient proton.
Hoʻopuka kēia gradient proton i kahi ikaika hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ikaika hoʻoikaika proton. Hoʻi nā proton i ka matrix ma o ATP synthase, kahi enzyme e hoʻohana ana i kēia kahe proton e hana i ka ATP mai ADP a me ka phosphate inorganic.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hiki i ke kaʻina hana ETC ke hana ma kahi o 34 ATP no kēlā me kēia molekole glucose i oxidized ʻia.
Nā Nīnau a me ke Kūkākūkā ʻana i nā Mea ʻē aʻe
He mea nui hoʻi e hoʻāʻo i nā nīnau ʻē aʻe e hoʻāʻo ai i kou ʻike i nā enzymes i pili, nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka fermentation, a me nā hopena o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni (e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen) ma ka metabolism.
Nā Nīnau Hou Aʻe:
1. No ke aha he mea nui ʻo NAD+ i ka glycolysis?
2. E hoʻohālikelike i ka hanu aerobic me ka fermentation ma ke ʻano o ka pono o ka hana ʻana o ATP.
3. E wehewehe pehea e pili ai ka metabolism waikawa momona i ka pōʻaiapuni Krebs.
Pono ke aʻo ʻana i ka metabolism i ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka biochemistry a me ka physiology cellular. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana me nā pilikia, nā kūkākūkā hui aʻo, a me nā hoʻokolohua hale hana e hoʻoikaika i kēia mau manaʻo. Manaʻolana, e kōkua kēia ʻatikala iā ʻoe e hoʻonui i kou ʻike i ka metabolism a hoʻomākaukau no nā nīnau pili i kāu hoʻokolohua.
