Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā mea hoʻoilina
ʻO ka genetics kahi lālā o ka biology e aʻo ana i nā genes, ka hoʻoilina o nā ʻano, a pehea e hōʻike ʻia ai kēia ʻike genetic ma ke ʻano kino o nā mea ola. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka genetics no ka mea wehewehe ia i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā meaola, ka hana, ka hānau hou ʻana, a me ka pane ʻana i ko lākou kaiapuni. No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kēia ʻike, e hōʻike ana kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau nīnau hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka genetics.
Nīnau 1: Ka Hoʻoilina o nā ʻAno ma Mendel
Nīnau: Inā ua hui ʻia kahi mea kanu pī heterozygous no ke kiʻekiʻe (Tt) me kahi mea kanu pī pōkole (tt), he aha ka pakeneka o nā hua e kiʻekiʻe?
Kūkākūkā:
E hoʻomaka kākou ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā genotypes i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO `T` ka allele dominant no ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻo `t` ka allele recessive no ka pōkole. Loaʻa i kahi mea kanu heterozygous kiʻekiʻe ka genotype `Tt`, a loaʻa i kahi mea kanu pōkole ka genotype `tt`.
Ke hana mākou i kahi pahu Punnett no kēia keʻa, hiki iā mākou ke palapala ʻāina i nā genotypes hiki o ka hua:
".
ʻAʻole maopopo
------
t | Tt tt
t | Tt tt
".
Mai ka papa ma luna:
– He 50% o nā keiki (`Tt`) he genotype kiʻekiʻe ko lākou no ka mea aia hoʻokahi allele dominant ʻo `T`.
– Loaʻa i ka 50% o nā keiki (`tt`) ke ʻano genotype pōkole.
No laila, e kiʻekiʻe ka 50% o nā keiki.
Nīnau 2: Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Hoʻopili ʻana o nā Gene
Nīnau: Aia nā Genes A a me B ma ka chromosome like he 20 mau ʻāpana palapala ʻāina kaʻawale. Inā hele kahi kanaka me ka genotype AB/ab i ka gametogenesis, he aha ka pakeneka o nā gametes e hui hou?
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki ke helu ʻia ke alapine (frequency) o ka hui hou ʻana ma waena o ʻelua mau genes i loaʻa ma ka chromosome hoʻokahi ma muli o ko lākou mamao genetic. Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana palapala ʻāina, ʻo ka mamao o 1 ʻāpana palapala ʻāina ua like ia me ka 1% o ka manawa kūpono o ka hui hou ʻana. No laila, me ka mamao o 20 mau ʻāpana palapala ʻāina, aia he 20% o ka manawa kūpono e hana ʻia ai ka hui hou ʻana ma waena o nā genes A a me B.
ʻO ke ʻano kēia, i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā gametes mai nā kānaka AB/ab:
– E hoʻohui hou ʻia he 20% o nā gametes, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo `Ab` a i ʻole `aB`.
– ʻO 80% o nā gametes e lilo i non-recombinant, i.e. `AB` a i ʻole `ab`.
Nīnau 3: Hoʻoilina Helu
Nīnau: Inā hoʻopili ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu e ʻelua mau genes (Aa a me Bb) me nā hopena hoʻohui, a hoʻohui kēlā me kēia allele dominant i 5 cm i ke kiʻekiʻe kumu o 50 cm, e helu i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi mea kanu me ka genotype AABb.
Kūkākūkā:
Hāʻawi nā Genes A a me B i nā haʻawina hoʻohui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu. Ma ke ʻano genotype AABb:
– Aia ʻelua mau alleles dominant `A`: hāʻawi ʻelua mau `A` i ka 2 × 5 cm = 10 cm hou aʻe.
– ʻO ke allele dominant `B` hoʻokahi: hāʻawi kekahi `B` i ka 1 × 5 cm = 5 cm hou aʻe.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu o ka mea kanu he 50 kenimika. Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hopena o ka allele dominant, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe holoʻokoʻa o ka mea kanu e lilo i:
50 kenimika (kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu) + 10 kenimika (mai `AA`) + 5 kenimika (mai `B`) = 65 kenimika.
No laila, he 65 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi mea kanu me ke ʻano AABb.
Nīnau 4: Nā Maʻi Hoʻoilina a me ka Pahiki
Nīnau: I loko o kahi ʻohana, ʻo ka makuakāne ka mea lawe o ke ʻano recessive no ka albinism (Aa) a ʻaʻohe allele recessive (AA) o ka makuahine. He aha ka likelika e albino ai kā lāua mau keiki?
Kūkākūkā:
He kūlana recessive ka Albinism, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelua mau alleles recessive (aa) e pono ai e hōʻike i ke ʻano. ʻO ke genotype o ka makuakāne ʻo `Aa` a ʻo ka makuahine ʻo `AA`.
E noʻonoʻo i nā hui pū ʻana i loko o kahi pahu Punnett:
".
He A
------
A | AA AA
he | ʻAʻa ʻAʻa
".
Hōʻike nā hopena i hui pū ʻia:
– E loaʻa i ka 50% o nā keiki ka genotype `AA` (ʻaʻohe mea lawe, ʻaʻohe albino).
– 50% o nā keiki e loaʻa iā lākou ka genotype `Aa` (mea lawe, ʻaʻole albino).
ʻAʻohe manawa kūpono e loaʻa i kā lāua mau keiki ke ʻano genotype `aa`, no laila ʻo ka likelika o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi keiki albino he 0%.
Nīnau 5: Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Chromosome i pili i ka Moe
Nīnau: Ua mare kekahi wahine makapo kala (X^BX^b) i kahi kāne maʻamau (X^BY). He aha ka likelika e loaʻa iā lāua kahi keiki kāne makapo kala?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua pili ka makapō kala i ka chromosome X a he recessive (X^b). He mau mea lawe nā wahine a loaʻa iā lākou ka genotype X^BX^b a ʻo nā kāne maʻamau he X^BY. Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi keʻa:
".
X^BY
------
X^B | X^BX^BX^BY
X^b | X^BX^b X^bY
".
Nā hopena o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana no nā keikikāne:
– 50% o nā keikikāne e loaʻa i ka genotype X^BY (maʻamau).
– 50% o nā keikikāne e loaʻa i ka genotype X^bY (makapō kala).
No laila, aia he 50% ka hiki ke makapo kala kā lāua keiki kāne.
Ma ke kūkākūkā ma luna, ua ʻimi mākou i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i nā loina kumu o ka genetics, mai ke ʻano kuʻuna a i ke ʻano hou. ʻAʻole pono wale kēia ʻike no nā hoʻokolohua akā lawelawe pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā haʻawina biotechnology a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka gene therapy. Ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko mākou mau mākau loiloi ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e hohonu ko mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ke ola.
