Nā Laʻana o nā Nīnau a me nā Kūkākūkā ma nā Macromolecules Organic
He mau molekala nui a paʻakikī nā macromolecules organik e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole. ʻO nā macromolecules organik kaulana loa e komo pū ana me nā kalapona, nā lipids, nā protein, a me nā waikawa nucleic. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou kūkākūkā ʻana e pili ana i nā macromolecules organik.
1. Nā kalapona
Nīnau 1
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi molekole disaccharide mai ʻelua monosaccharides glucose. He aha ke kaumaha molekole pili (Mr) o kēia disaccharide inā he 180 ke kaumaha molekole pili o ka glucose?
Kūkākūkā 1
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā disaccharides ma o kahi hopena condensation e hana ai i kahi pilina glycosidic a me kahi mole wai. ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o hoʻokahi mole glucose he 180. No laila, ʻelua mau mole glucose e loaʻa i kahi kaumaha molekala o:
\( 180 \, \kikokikona{u} + 180 \, \kikokikona{u} = 360 \, \kikokikona{u} \)
Eia nō naʻe, i ke kaʻina hana o ka disaccharide, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi molekala wai (H₂O). ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o ka wai he 18 u.
No laila, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala pili (Mr) o ka disaccharide:
\( 360 \, \text{u} – 18 \, \text{u} = 342 \, \text{u} \)
ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala pili (Mr) o ka disaccharide he 342.
2. Nā lipid
Nīnau 2
He hana ko nā lipids i loko o ke kino ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. Inā hoʻopuka kekahi molekole triglyceride i 9 mau calorie o ka ikehu no kēlā me kēia gram, ehia ka nui o ka ikehu e hana ʻia e 5 grams o ka triglyceride?
Kūkākūkā 2
ʻO ka ikehu i hana ʻia e hoʻokahi gram o nā triglycerides he 9 calories. No laila, hiki ke helu ʻia ka ikehu i hana ʻia e 5 gram o nā triglycerides ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā triglycerides i nā gram e ka ikehu no kēlā me kēia gram:
\[ \text{Ikehu} = 5 \, \text{gram} \times 9 \, \text{calories/gram} \]
\[ \text{Ikehu} = 45 \, \text{kalori} \]
No laila, ʻo 5 grams o nā triglycerides e loaʻa ai he 45 calories o ka ikehu.
3. Pūmua
Nīnau 3
E inoa a wehewehe i nā pae ʻekolu o ke ʻano o ka protein e kū nei ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ke ʻano tertiary.
Kūkākūkā 3
He ʻano paʻakikī loa ko nā protein i hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ma nā pae he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi:
1. ʻAno mua
– ʻO ke ʻano mua ka moʻo linear o nā waikawa amino i loko o kahi polypeptide. Hoʻoholo pololei kēia moʻo i nā waiwai a me ka hana o ka protein i loaʻa.
– Laʻana: kaʻina waikawa amino methionine-serine-valine-alanine.
2. ʻAno lua
– ʻO ke ʻano lua ke ʻano paʻa a maʻamau o ka wili ʻana a i ʻole ka pelu ʻana o kahi kaulahao polypeptide. Hoʻokomo pū kēia mau ʻano i nā ʻano e like me nā alpha helices (α-helices) a me nā pepa beta-fold (β-sheets).
– Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ʻano e nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā ʻātoma i loko o ke kuamoʻo polysaccharide.
3. ʻAno Kūkulu ʻia
- ʻO ke ʻano tertiary ka ʻōwili hou ʻana a me ka pelu ʻana o ke kaulahao polypeptide e hana ana i kahi ʻano tridimensional paʻakikī.
– Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ʻano tertiary e nā ʻano pilina like ʻole, me nā pilina hydrogen, nā pilina hydrophobic, nā alahaka disulfide, a me nā pilina ionic ma waena o nā kaulahao ʻaoʻao amino acid.
Ke hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano tertiary, hiki i kekahi mau protein ke hana i kahi ʻano quaternary kahi e hui pū ai kekahi mau kaulahao polypeptide e hana i hoʻokahi ʻano hana.
4. ʻAkika Nukleika
Nīnau 4
Pehea e hiki ai i ka DNA ke hoʻoponopono i nā pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka mālamalama UV a he aha ke kuleana o nā enzymes i kēia kaʻina hana?
Kūkākūkā 4
ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana o ka DNA i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mālamalama UV e hopena pinepine i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā thymine dimers, ʻo ia nā pilina maʻamau ʻole ma waena o ʻelua mau kumu thymine e pili kokoke ana i loko o kahi kaula DNA. Hana nui ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono hōʻino ma o ka hana hoʻoponopono excision nucleotide (NER).
ʻO nā pae o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka DNA ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana o UV:
1. Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Pōʻino
– Hoʻomaopopo nā enzyme ʻike kūikawā i nā hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka DNA i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā thymine dimers.
2. Ka ʻoki ʻana i ka pōʻino
– ʻOki nā endonucleases i nā ʻāpana DNA a puni ka wahi i hōʻino ʻia, e wehe ana i nā ʻāpana i loaʻa nā thymine dimers.
3. Hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka DNA
– Hoʻopiha ka DNA polymerase i ka hakahaka i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaula hoʻopihapiha ma ke ʻano he template e hana i kahi ʻāpana DNA hou.
4. Nā Liki
– A laila hoʻohui ka DNA ligase i nā ʻāpana DNA i hana hou ʻia i ka DNA e kū nei, e hoʻihoʻi ana i ka pono o ke ʻano o ka DNA.
Hoʻomaopopo kēia kaʻina hana i ka noho paʻa ʻana o ka ʻike genetic a hiki ke hoʻouna pololei ʻia i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana o ke kelepona.
5. Ka Nānā ʻana i nā Macromolecules Organic
Nīnau 5
Hoʻohana kahi hoʻokolohua hale hana i ka hopena o Benedict e hoʻāʻo ai no ke alo o kahi kalapona kikoʻī. Pehea e hana ai kēia hopena, a he aha nā hopena e ʻike ʻia inā loaʻa ka kalapona?
Kūkākūkā 5
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena o Benedict e hoʻāʻo ai no ke alo o nā kō hoʻemi, e like me ka glucose a me ka fructose. Loaʻa i nā kō hoʻemi kahi aldehyde manuahi a i ʻole hui ketone e hiki ke hoʻemi i nā ion keleawe (II) i loko o ka hopena o Benedict i nā ion keleawe (I). Hoʻopuka kēia hopena i kahi loli kala e hiki ke ʻike maka ʻia.
ʻO nā kaʻina hana a me nā hopena i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻāʻo Benedict:
1. Hoʻohui i ka hopena o Benedict
– Hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena polū o Benedict i ka hopena hāpana kalapona a hoʻomehana ʻia ka hui ʻana.
2. Hoʻololi kala
– Inā loaʻa ke kō hoʻēmi, e loli ke kala o ka wai mai ka polū a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele, ʻalani, a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula brick, ma muli o ka nui o ke kō hoʻēmi.
– Hōʻike ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ke kō hoʻemi.
– Hōʻike ka ʻulaʻula piliki i ka nui o ke kō hoʻemi.
ʻAe kēia hopena i ka ʻike maʻalahi a pololei hoʻi i nā kō hoʻemi i loko o nā hāpana olaola.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā macromolecules organik e like me nā kalapona, lipids, protein, a me nā waikawa nucleic i nā ʻōnaehana ola. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko lākou ʻano, ka hana, a pehea e kālailai ai a hoʻoponopono iā lākou i nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole, ʻoiai ke biology a me ka biochemistry. Manaʻo ʻia nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā ma luna e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike hohonu o nā macromolecules organik a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
