Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka Solubility a me ka Solubility Product
ʻO ka solubility a me ka huahana solubility (Ksp) he mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka kemika e pili ana i nā hopena saturated a me ka solubility o kahi mea i loko o ka hopena. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia kumuhana hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e wānana pehea e soluble ai ka paʻakai i loko o ka hopena a pehea e hoʻopilikia ai nā mea like ʻole i kēlā solubility. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā e pili ana i ka solubility a me Ksp.
Nā Manaʻo Kumu
ʻO ka Solubility (S) ka nui loa o kahi mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe e hana i kahi hopena saturated ma kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, hōʻike ʻia ka solubility ma nā anakahi o ka molarity (mol/L).
ʻO ka Huahana Solubility (Ksp) ke kūpaʻa kaulike no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā electrolytes i hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i ka wai. Hāʻawi ʻo Ksp i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka paʻakai i ka wai a ʻo ia ka huahana o nā ʻano o nā ions i loko o kahi hopena saturated, kēlā me kēia i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i ka mana o kāna coefficient stoichiometric.
Eia kekahi laʻana, inā loaʻa iā mākou kahi paʻakai AxBy e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ion e like me ke kaulike:
\[ \text{AxBy (s)} \rightleftharpoons xA^{n+} (aq) + yB^{m-} (aq) \]
No laila, hiki ke kākau ʻia ʻo Ksp penei:
\[ \text{Ksp} = [A^{n+}]^x [B^{m-}]^y \]
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā
Laʻana Nīnau 1
Nīnau:
E helu i ka solubility o \(AgCl\) (Ksp = \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\)) i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe.
Kūkākūkā:
Ksp \(AgCl\) = 1.8 x \(10^{-10}\) mol²/L²
Ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale:
\[AgCl (s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)\]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka solubility o \(AgCl\) he S mol/L. A laila, ʻo ka nui o \(Ag^+\) a me \(Cl^-\) i loko o kahi hopena saturated e like kēlā me kēia me S mol/L.
Ka hoʻohālikelike Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ag^+][Cl^-]\]
E pani i ka waiwai o S:
\[1.8 \times 10^{-10} = S \times S\]
\[S^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-10}\]
\[S = \sqrt{1.8 \times 10^{-10}} \]
\[S = 1.34 \times 10^{-5} \, \text{mol/L}\]
No laila, ʻo ka solubility o \(AgCl\) i ka wai maʻemaʻe he \(1.34 \times 10^{-5}\) mol/L.
Laʻana Nīnau 2
Nīnau:
He aha ka solubility o \(CaF_2\) (Ksp = \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\)) i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe?
Kūkākūkā:
Ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale:
\[CaF_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq)\]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka solubility o \(CaF_2\) he S mol/L. A laila, ʻo ka nui o \(Ca^{2+}\) i loko o kahi hopena saturated he S mol/L a ʻo ka nui o \(F^-\) he 2S mol/L.
Ka hoʻohālikelike Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2\]
E pani i ka waiwai o S:
\[3.9 \times 10^{-11} = S \times (2S)^2\]
\[3.9 \times 10^{-11} = S \times 4S^2\]
\[3.9 \times 10^{-11} = 4S^3\]
\[S^3 = \frac{3.9 \times 10^{-11}}{4}\]
\[S^3 = 9.75 \times 10^{-12}\]
\[S = \sqrt[3]{9.75 \times 10^{-12}}\]
\[S \approx 2.1 \times 10^{-4} \, \text{mol/L}\]
No laila, ʻo ka solubility o \(CaF_2\) i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe he \(2.1 \times 10^{-4}\) mol/L.
Laʻana Nīnau 3
Nīnau:
He aha ka solubility o \(PbCl_2\) (Ksp = \(1.7 \times 10^{-5}\)) i loko o kahi hopena \(0.1\) M \(HCl\)?
Kūkākūkā:
Ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale:
\[PbCl_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)\]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka solubility o \(PbCl_2\) he S mol/L. A laila, ʻo ka nui o \(Pb^{2+}\) i loko o kahi hopena saturated he S mol/L a ʻo ka nui hou o \(Cl^-\) mai ka dissociation o \(PbCl_2\) he 2S mol/L.
Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi \(Cl^-\) mai \(HCl\) i loaʻa mua a hiki i ka 0.1 M.
Ka hoʻohālikelike Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^-]^2\]
E pani i nā waiwai o S a me \(Cl^-\):
\[1.7 manawa 10^{-5} = S manawa (0.1 + 2S)^2\]
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o 0.1 M \(Cl^-\) ma mua o 2S, \(0.1 + 2S \approx 0.1\).
No laila e maʻalahi ka helu ʻana:
\[1.7 manawa 10^{-5} = S manawa (0.1)^2\]
\[1.7 \times 10^{-5} = S \times 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.7 \times 10^{-5}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.7 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{mol/L}\]
No laila, ʻo ka solubility o \(PbCl_2\) i loko o \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) he \(1.7 \times 10^{-3}\) mol/L.
Laʻana Nīnau 4
Nīnau:
E helu i ka solubility o \(BaSO_4\) (Ksp = \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\)) i loko o kahi hopena e loaʻa ana iā \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\).
Kūkākūkā:
Ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale:
\[BaSO_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka solubility o \(BaSO_4\) he S mol/L. A laila, ʻo ka nui o \(Ba^{2+}\) i loko o kahi hopena saturated he S mol/L a ʻo ka nui o \(SO_4^{2-}\) o \(BaSO_4\) he S mol/L. Eia nō naʻe, aia he \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) o \(Na_2SO_4\).
Ka hoʻohālikelike Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ba^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]\]
E pani i nā waiwai o S a me \(SO_4^{2-}\):
\[1.1 manawa 10^{-10} = S manawa (0.01 + S)\]
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ma mua o S, \(0.01 + S \approx 0.01\).
No laila e maʻalahi ka helu ʻana:
\[1.1 \times 10^{-10} = S \times 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.1 \times 10^{-10}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.1 \times 10^{-8} \, \text{mol/L}\]
No laila, ʻo ka solubility o \(BaSO_4\) i loko o kahi hopena e loaʻa ana iā \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\) he \(1.1 \times 10^{-8}\) mol/L.
Ka hopena
Ma o nā pilikia hoʻohālike ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike pehea e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā manaʻo o ka solubility a me ka huahana solubility (Ksp) i nā kūlana like ʻole. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike i ka loiloi kemika, ʻoiai ke makemake mākou e hoʻoholo i ka solubility o kahi paʻakai kikoʻī ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole, e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻemaʻe a i ʻole ke alo o kahi ion maʻamau. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia e kōkua iā mākou i nā noi hana he nui, me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ke kemika kaiapuni, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā mea.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole pili wale ka solubility o ka paʻakai i ka waiwai Ksp, akā hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka nui o nā ion ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hopena, ka mahana, a me ka pH o ke kaiapuni. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loina kumu o ka kemika a me ka calculus maʻalahi, hiki iā mākou ke wānana a kāohi i nā hanana solubility i nā ʻōnaehana kemika like ʻole.
