Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā ʻano Polymers
He molekala nui ka polymer i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana molekala liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he monomers. Hoʻohana ʻia nā polymers i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai nā plastics a me ka rubber a hiki i nā olonā synthetic a me nā mea kūkulu hale. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā polymers i ka kemika, ka ʻepekema mea, a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā ʻano polymers a hāʻawi i nā hopena hohonu i kēia mau pilikia.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1:
E inoa i ʻekolu ʻano polymers ma muli o ko lākou kumu mua a hāʻawi i kahi laʻana o kēlā me kēia.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Nā Polymers Kūlohelohe:
ʻO nā polymers kūlohelohe he mau polymers e kū maoli ana i ke kaiapuni. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polymers kūlohelohe:
– Cellulose: Loaʻa i loko o nā paia o nā cell mea kanu.
– Lahopa Kūlohelohe: Loaʻa mai ka wai o ka lāʻau Hevea brasiliensis.
– Pūmua: E like me ke kolakena i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻili a me nā ʻiʻo pili o nā holoholona.
2. Nā Polymers Hana ʻia:
ʻO nā polymers synthetic he mau polymers i hana ʻia ma o nā kaʻina hana kemika artificial e nā kānaka. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polymers synthetic:
– Polyethylene (PE): Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻeke palakiko.
– Polypropylene (PP): Hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me ka ʻōpala meaʻai.
– Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā paipu a me nā kaula.
3. Nā Polymers Semi-synthetic:
ʻO nā polymers semi-synthetic he mau hoʻololi o nā polymers kūlohelohe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou mau waiwai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polymers semi-synthetic:
– Cellulose Acetate: Hana ʻia mai ka cellulose i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa acetic, i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi.
– Nitrocellulose: Loaʻa ma o ka nitration o ka cellulose, hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea pahū a me nā uhi.
Nīnau 2:
E wehewehe i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā polymers thermoplastic a me nā thermoset, a hāʻawi i ʻelua mau laʻana o kēlā me kēia.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Nā Polymers Thermoplastic (Thermoplastics):
Hoʻomālielie kēia polymer i ka wā e hoʻomehana ʻia ai a paʻakikī i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ai, a hiki ke hana pinepine ʻia kēia kaʻina hana. He mea maʻalahi kēia e hana hou ʻia. Eia kekahi laʻana:
– Polyethylene (PE): Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻeke palakiko a me nā ʻōmole.
– Polystyrene (PS): Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomehana a me nā ʻōpala meaʻai.
2. Nā Polymers Thermosetting (Nā Thermoset):
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia kēia mau polymers, i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ma o ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana. He ʻano ikaika ko lākou a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia e like me nā thermoplastics. Eia kekahi laʻana:
– Bakelite: Loaʻa i loko o nā kuapo uila a me nā lima o nā ipu kuke.
- Epoxy: Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻopili, nā uhi, a me nā composites lōʻihi.
Nīnau 3:
E wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka polymerization hoʻohui a hāʻawi i nā laʻana o nā polymers i hana ʻia ma o kēia kaʻina hana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka polymerization hoʻohui ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā polymers ma o kahi hopena kaulahao kahi e hui pū ai nā monomers e loaʻa ana nā pilina pālua (ʻo ia hoʻi nā pilina pālua carbon-carbon) me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻana i nā huahana ʻaoʻao.
ʻO nā pae i hoʻohui ʻia me ka polymerization:
1. Hoʻomaka: Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā radical manuahi a i ʻole nā iona e hoʻomaka i ka hopena.
2. Hoʻolaha: Hoʻopili nā radical manuahi a i ʻole nā ions me nā monomers, e hana ana i nā kaulahao polymer lōʻihi.
3. Hoʻopau: Pau ka hopena ke hui pū ʻia nā radical manuahi ʻelua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polymers hoʻohui:
– Polyethylene (PE): Hana ʻia mai ka ethylene monomer (C2H4).
– Polypropylene (PP): Hana ʻia mai ka propylene monomer (C3H6).
Nīnau 4:
He aha ke ʻano o ka condensation polymerization a hāʻawi i ʻelua mau laʻana o nā polymers i hana ʻia ma o kēia kaʻina hana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka polymerization condensation kahi hana polymerization kahi e hui pū ai nā monomers ma ka wehe ʻana i nā mole liʻiliʻi e like me ka wai a i ʻole ka methanol.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka polymerization condensation:
1. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Nailoni:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Nylon 6,6 ma o ka hopena ma waena o ka hexamethylenediamine a me ka waikawa adipic, e hana ana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he huahana ʻaoʻao.
\[ \text{H}_2\text{N}-(\text{CH}_2)_6\text{NH}_2 + \text{HOOC}-(\text{CH}_2)_4\text{COOH} \rightarrow (-\text{NH}-(\text{CH}_2)_6\text{NH-CO}-(\text{CH}_2)_4\text{CH}_2)_4\text{CH}_2)_4\text \]
2. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Polyester:
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā polyesters e like me ka polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ma o ka hopena ma waena o ka terephthalic acid a me ka ethylene glycol, e hana ana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he huahana.
\[ \text{HOOC-}\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{COOH} + \text{HO-CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \rightarrow (-\text{O-CH}_2\text{CH}_2-\text{OCO-}\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text {CO-})}_n
Nīnau 5:
Pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano kino o nā polymers ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plasticizers? E hāʻawi i kahi laʻana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā plasticizers he mau mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia i nā polymers e hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi, e hōʻemi i ka brittleness, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg). Hana nā plasticizers ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika o nā pilina intermolecular i loko o ka polymer, e ʻae ana i nā kaulahao polymer e neʻe manuahi a hoʻonui i ka plasticity o ka mea.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plasticizers:
– PVC a me nā plasticizers: I ka hana ʻana i nā kaula uila, ua hui pū ʻia ʻo PVC me nā plasticizers e like me phthalates e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ke kūpaʻa.
– ʻO ka cellulose acetate a me nā plasticizers: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā lacquers e hoʻolilo i nā huahana i mea ʻoi aku ka paʻa.
Ka hopena
He mau mea hana maʻalahi loa nā polymers e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻenehana hou. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano polymer a me nā kaʻina hana polymerization, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomohala i nā mea hou me nā waiwai i makemake ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou noi ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻonaʻauao Polymer me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pilikia a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻike hohonu o nā loina kumu e pili ana i ka ʻepekema polymer. Manaʻo kēia ʻatikala e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike mua o nā ʻano polymer a paipai i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka ʻimi hohonu ʻana e pili ana i nā polymers a me kā lākou noi.
