Nā Laʻana o nā Nīnau a me nā Kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka Palekana Hana a me ka Palekana ʻole
ʻO ka pale ʻana ka hiki o ke kino ke hakakā a hoʻopau i nā pathogens a i ʻole nā antigens haole. Ma keʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale kanaka i ʻelua mau māhele ākea: ka pale kūlohelohe (nonspecific) a me ka pale adaptive (specific). Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ka pale adaptive i ʻelua ʻano: ka pale hana a me ka pale passive. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā ʻano ʻelua o ka pale ʻana, e hāʻawi i nā laʻana, a kūkākūkā iā lākou e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i kēia kumuhana.
Palekana Hana
ʻO ke kūpale ikaika he ʻano pale palekana e hana ʻia ke kau pololei ke kino i kahi pane palekana e kūʻē i kahi pathogen. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻana o nā antibodies a me ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā cell T kikoʻī. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kūpale ikaika ma nā ʻano ʻelua:
1. Ka maʻi kūlohelohe: Ke loaʻa i ke kanaka kahi maʻi pathogen, pane kūlohelohe ke kino ma ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies e hakakā iā ia. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau, ʻo ka poʻe i ho'ōla ʻia mai ka chickenpox ʻaʻole lākou e loaʻa hou i ka maʻi.
2. Ka Pale ʻana: Hoʻoulu nā pale i ka ʻōnaehana pale e hana i nā antibodies me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka maʻi. No ka laʻana, hāʻawi ka pale ʻana i ka measles i ka pale ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kino e hoʻouka i kahi pane pale e kūʻē i ka maʻi measles.
Palekana Hana ʻole
ʻO ka pale ʻana o ka pale ʻole ka pale ʻana i loaʻa me ka ʻole o ka pono e hana i kahi pane pale. I kēia hihia, loaʻa i ke kino nā antibodies i hana ʻia ma waho o ke kino. He manawa pōkole kēia pale ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻohe o ke kino nā cell hoʻomanaʻo e hana i nā antibodies ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā antibodies i loaʻa.
Eia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pale palekana passive:
1. Palekana kūlohelohe: Hana ʻia kēia ke hoʻoili ʻia nā antibodies mai ka makuahine a i ke keiki ma o ka placenta i ka wā hāpai a i ʻole ma o ka waiū umauma ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
2. Ka Palekana Hana ʻole: Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā antibodies i hana ʻia ma waho o ke kino, e like me ke ʻano o ka immunoglobulin therapy no nā maʻi i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau pathogens e like me ka hepatitis B.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: Palekana Hana
Nīnau: Loaʻa i ke keiki ka lāʻau pale polio a ma hope iho ua palekana ʻo ia i ka poliovirus. E wehewehe pehea e hāʻawi ai ka lāʻau pale i ke keiki i ka palekana ikaika.
Kūkākūkā:
Aia i loko o ka lāʻau pale polio ka poliovirus i hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia a pepehi ʻia paha. Ke hāʻawi ʻia, ʻike ka ʻōnaehana pale o ke keiki i nā ʻāpana o ka maʻi ma ke ʻano he antigens haole. A laila pane ka ʻōnaehana pale ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pūnaewele B a me nā pūnaewele T e pili ana i ka poliovirus.
A laila hana nā pūnaewele B i nā antibodies e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻopau i ka antigen. Eia kekahi, ulu kekahi mau pūnaewele B i loko o nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo e mau ana i loko o ke kino no ka manawa lōʻihi. Inā pili ke keiki i ka poliovirus i ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki i kēia mau pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo ke hoʻāla koke i kahi pane pale ikaika a kikoʻī, e luku ana i ka maʻi ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi.
Nīnau 2: Palekana Passive
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke kumu e loaʻa ai i nā pēpē hānau hou ke kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana mai kekahi mau maʻi, a no ke aha he manawa pōkole kēia palekana.
Kūkākūkā:
Loaʻa i nā pēpē hānau hou nā antibodies mai ko lākou mau makuahine ma o ka placenta i ka wā hāpai. ʻO kēia mau antibodies ka immunoglobulin G (IgG), ka mea e hāʻawi i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi he nui. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, loaʻa pū i nā pēpē nā antibodies hou mai ka waiū umauma ma ke ʻano o ka immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Hāʻawi kēia mau antibodies i ka palekana koke akā no ka manawa pōkole no ka mea ʻaʻole i hana ke kino o ka pēpē iā lākou a i ʻole i hoʻomohala i nā cell hoʻomanaʻo. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, e emi ana nā antibodies makuahine, a e nāwaliwali ka pale hana ʻole. No laila, hoʻomaka ʻia ka pale ʻana ma o ka lāʻau pale ʻana i ka wā ʻōpiopio e kūkulu i ka pale hana lōʻihi.
Nīnau 3: Hoʻohālikelike o ka palekana hana a me ka palekana ʻole
Nīnau: E hoʻohālikelike i nā pono a me nā hemahema o ka pale kino hana a me ka pale kino passive.
Kūkākūkā:
Palekana Hana:
- Loaʻa kālā:
– Lōʻihi ka lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa no ke ola holoʻokoʻa (e.g., ma hope o ka lāʻau pale a i ʻole ka maʻi kūlohelohe).
– Hoʻopuka i nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo e kōkua i ka pane wikiwiki ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana ma hope i ka pathogen like.
- Pohō:
– He manawa ia (nā lā a i nā pule) e hāʻawi ai i ka palekana no ka mea, pono ke kino e kūkulu i kahi pane pale.
Palekana Hana ʻole:
- Loaʻa kālā:
– Hāʻawi i ka palekana koke, he mea nui loa ia i nā kūlana pilikia (e laʻa, ka ʻike ʻia ʻana e ka mea ʻawahia o ka nahesa a i ʻole ka nahu ʻana o kahi holoholona hihiu).
- Pohō:
– He manawa pōkole ka palekana, ʻo ka mau ʻana he mau pule a he mau mahina wale nō.
– ʻAʻole ia e hana i nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo, no laila ʻaʻole ke kino e "aʻo" pehea e pale aku ai iā ia iho i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Nīnau 4: Noi Lapaʻau
Nīnau: I loko o kahi pilikia olakino e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka rabies, no ke aha e loaʻa ai i ka mea maʻi ka immunoglobulin rabies a me ka lāʻau pale rabies?
Kūkākūkā:
I nā hihia o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka rabies, he mea koʻikoʻi ka manawa no ka mea he mea make loa ka maʻi rabies inā hoʻoulu ia i ka maʻi. No laila, ʻelua mau ala e lawe ʻia ai:
1. Rabies Immunoglobulin (palekana pale ʻole): He antibody rabies kēia i hāʻawi ʻia e hoʻopau pololei i kekahi maʻi i loaʻa i ke kino. Hāʻawi kēia pale ʻole i ka palekana koke ʻoiai ke kino e hoʻomohala i kāna ʻōnaehana pale ponoʻī.
2. Lāʻau pale rabies (palekana hana): Hoʻoulu ka lāʻau pale i ke kino e hoʻomohala i ka pale hana ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kino e hana i nā antigens kikoʻī e kūʻē i ka maʻi rabies. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia kēia lāʻau pale i nā nui he nui a manaʻo e hāʻawi i ka palekana lōʻihi.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea ʻelua e hoʻolako i ka palekana piha: ka pale koke ma o nā immunoglobulins a me ka hoʻololi lōʻihi ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Ma ka ʻimi hohonu ʻana i nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka palekana hana a me ka palekana ʻole, a me ke koʻikoʻi o kēlā me kēia ʻano i ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino a me ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi. He ʻōnaehana paʻakikī ka palekana, a ʻo ke ʻano i koho ʻia ua hoʻopilikino pinepine ʻia i ke kūlana olakino e kū nei.
