Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā ʻala hydrocarbon
ʻO nā hydrocarbons ʻala he hui o nā hui organik me ke apo benzene ma ke ʻano he kikowaena. Hōʻike ʻia ko lākou ʻano kemika e ke alo o nā pilina pālua i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ke apo ʻeono-kalapona. I ke kemika, he kumuhana nui nā hydrocarbons ʻala a loaʻa ka hoʻohana ākea i ka ʻoihana a me ka noiʻi. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā hydrocarbons ʻala a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia manaʻo.
1. Hoʻolauna i nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
ʻO nā hydrocarbons ʻala, a i ʻole nā arenes, ua hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā apo benzene i loko o ko lākou ʻano. ʻO Benzene (C₆H₆), ka hui maʻalahi loa i kēia hui, he ʻano paʻa loa ma muli o ka delocalization o nā electrons pi. Loaʻa nā hydrocarbons ʻala i nā ʻano huahana kalepa like ʻole, me nā wahie, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā plastics.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Hui ʻAla
Nīnau:
Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano hana aʻe: C₆H₆, C₆H₁₂, C₆H₄Cl₂. ʻO wai o lākou he hydrocarbon ʻala?
Kūkākūkā:
– ʻO C₆H₆ he benzene, ʻo ia hoʻi he hydrocarbon ʻala me ke apo benzene.
– ʻO C₆H₁₂ he cyclohexane, he hui cyclic akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻala no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa pālua i hoʻohui ʻia.
– ʻO C₆H₄Cl₂ he dichlorobenzene, ʻo ia kahi mea i loaʻa mai ka benzene me ʻelua mau pani chlorine i mālama ʻia kona mau waiwai ʻala.
No laila, ʻo nā hui ʻala ma kēia nīnau ʻo C₆H₆ a me C₆H₄Cl₂.
2. Nā Hana Kemika o nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Laʻana 2: Hana Hoʻololi Electrophilic ʻAla
Nīnau:
Hoʻopili ʻo Benzene me ka bromine (Br₂) i ke alo o ka mea hoʻoulu FeBr₃. E kākau i ka hoohalike hopena a e inoa i nā huahana.
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻia ka hopena hoʻololi ʻala electrophilic (SEAr) ke hana ka benzene me ka bromine i ke alo o kahi mea hoʻoulu FeBr₃. Hoʻololi kēia hopena i hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen ma ke apo benzene me kahi ʻātoma bromine. ʻO ke kaulike hopena:
C₆H₆ + Br₂ → C₆H₅Br + HBr (i ke alo o FeBr₃)
ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia ka bromobenzene.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Hana ʻana o ka Benzene Nitration
Nīnau:
E kākau i ka hoohalike hopena no ka nitration o benzene a e inoa i ka huahana i hana ʻia.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka nitration Benzene kekahi laʻana o kahi hopena hoʻololi aromatic electrophilic kahi e hana ai ka benzene me ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa nitric (HNO₃) a me ka waikawa sulfuric (H₂SO₄). ʻO ke kaulike hopena:
C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O (i ke alo o H₂SO₄)
ʻO ka hopena, he nitrobenzene.
3. Kemika Stereo i loko o nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Nā Waiwai Kemika o nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Nīnau:
E kūkākūkā i ke kumu he hana ʻole ʻo benzene i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā alkenes ʻoiai he mau pilina pālua nā mea ʻelua.
Kūkākūkā:
Loaʻa iā Benzene a me nā alkenes nā pilina pālua, akā he hui ʻala paʻa ka benzene. Loaʻa kēia kūpaʻa mai ka delocalization o nā electrons pi i loko o ke apo benzene, kahi e hana ai i kahi ʻōnaehana o nā pilina pi i hoʻolaha ʻia ma loko o ka molekala a hoʻonui i ka ikehu hou e pono ai e uhaki i nā pilina i loko o ke apo. ʻOi aku ka pane o nā Alkenes no ka mea ua kūloko ʻia kā lākou mau pilina pālua a hiki ke loaʻa maʻalahi no nā hopena hoʻohui.
4. Nā Hoʻohana ʻana o nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Laʻana Nīnau 5: Nā Hoʻohana ʻOihana o nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
Nīnau:
E inoa i ʻekolu mau hoʻohana ʻoihana o ka benzene a me nā hui ʻala ʻē aʻe.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Hana ʻana i ka palakiko: He mea nui ka Benzene i ka hana ʻana i ka polystyrene, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻano palakiko like ʻole.
2. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā hydrocarbons ʻala he nui e like me toluene a me xylene ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻoihana pena a me ka uhi ʻana ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi.
3. Nā Mea Hoʻohui Lāʻau Lapaʻau: Nui nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa nā ʻano ʻala, no ka laʻana aspirin nona ka hui benzene.
No laila, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hydrocarbons ʻala i ka kemika a me ka ʻoihana hou.
Ka hopena
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā hydrocarbons aromatic e pili ana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano, nā hopena, a me ka isomerism e pili ana me kēia mau hui. Ma ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau hoʻohālike kūpono ma luna, manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i ka poʻe heluhelu kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe o nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā hydrocarbons aromatic a me kā lākou noi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau hui ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai ka ʻoihana a i ka noiʻi, e lilo ana lākou i mea pono no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka kemika organik.
