Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā Glycolysis
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic kikowaena e hana ʻia ma aneane nā cell ola āpau e hana i ka ikehu. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana ka pae mua o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona, kahi e wāwahi ʻia ai ka glucose, kahi molekala carbohydrate maʻalahi, i loko o ka waikawa pyruvic ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena kemika e hana ai i ka ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a me NADH. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka glycolysis e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana a me nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kēia ala metabolic.
Nīnau 1: Ke helu ʻana i ka huina ATP i hana ʻia
Nīnau: Inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mole glucose ma o ke kaʻina hana glycolysis, ehia ka nui o ka ATP net i hana ʻia?
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻia ka Glycolysis ma nā ʻanuʻu enzymatic he ʻumi e hoʻololi i ka glucose i ʻelua mau molekala o ka waikawa pyruvic. Hoʻopuka a hoʻopau paha kekahi mau ʻanuʻu i nā molekala ATP a me NADH. E nānā mākou i nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi ma ke ala glycolysis:
1. Ka Papa Hoʻomākaukau a me ka Hoʻopukapuka Ikehu:
– Hoʻololi ʻia ka glucose i glucose-6-phosphate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi ATP.
– Hoʻololi ʻia ka Glucose-6-phosphate i fructose-6-phosphate, a laila hoʻololi ʻia i fructose-1,6-bisphosphate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi ATP hou aʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o ATP i kēia pae he 2 ATP.
2. Ka Pae Hopu ʻana o ka Fission a me ka Ikehu:
– A laila ua wāwahi ʻia ʻo Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate i ʻelua mau molekala triose phosphate.
– Hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia molekole triose phosphate i 1 NADH a me 2 ATP i ka wāwahi ʻana i pyruvate.
No ka mea he ʻelua mau molekala o ka triose phosphate, ʻo ka huina hua he 2 NADH a me 4 ATP.
No ka helu ʻana i ka ATP upena mai ka glycolysis:
– ATP i hana ʻia: 4 ATP.
– ATP i hoʻohana ʻia: 2 ATP.
– ATP ʻupena: 4 ATP – 2 ATP = 2 ATP.
No laila, hoʻopuka ka glycolysis i kahi huina o 2 ATP no kēlā me kēia molekole glucose.
Nīnau 2: Ke Kuleana o NAD+ ma Glycolysis
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke kuleana o ka cofactor NAD+ i ka hopena glycolysis.
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻo NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) ma ke ʻano he mea lawe uila koʻikoʻi i ka glycolysis. I ke ono o ka hana o ka glycolysis, kahi e pili ana i ka enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo NAD+ e hoʻopau i ka glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate i 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Hoʻopuka kēia kaʻina hana i hoʻokahi mole NADH mai ka hōʻemi ʻana o NAD+ no kēlā me kēia mole o ka triose phosphate, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua NADH no kēlā me kēia mole glucose.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko NAD+ i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka glycolysis ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā electrons, a laila e hoʻohuli i nā hopena oxidation a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i loko o ke kaʻapuni ikehu. Me ka ʻole o NAD+, e pau ka glycolysis ma muli o ka nele o nā tocofactors e ʻae i nā electrons, a pēlā e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ATP.
Nīnau 3: Hoʻololi ʻana o Glucose i Pyruvate
Nīnau: E kākau i ka hopena kemika holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka glucose i pyruvate i ka glycolysis.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hopena kemika holoʻokoʻa o ka glycolysis, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana o hoʻokahi mole o ka glucose i ʻelua mau mole o ka pyruvic acid, hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia penei:
\[ \text{Glucose} + 2 \text{NAD}^+ + 2 \text{ADP} + 2 \text{P}_i \rightarrow 2 \text{Pyruvate} + 2 \text{NADH} + 2 \text{H}^+ + 2 \text{ATP} + 2 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Ma kēia hopena, hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mole glucose i ʻelua mau mole pyruvate. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻemi ʻia ʻelua mau mole NAD+ i ʻelua mau mole NADH, a ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau mole ATP. Hana ʻia ka wai ma ke ʻano he huahana ʻaoʻao.
Nīnau 4: No ke aha he ala Anaerobic ʻo Glycolysis?
Nīnau: No ke aha i kapa ʻia ai ka glycolysis he ala metabolic anaerobic?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Glycolysis he ala anaerobic no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e pono i ka oxygen. Hana ʻia nā hopena āpau i ka glycolysis ma ka cytoplasm a pili i kahi moʻo o nā hoʻololi carbohydrate ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻia i ke alo o ka oxygen. ʻAe kēia i nā meaola anaerobic, a i ʻole nā mea ola e noho ana i nā wahi ʻole oxygen, e loaʻa ka ikehu ma o ka glycolysis.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole pono ka oxygen no ka glycolysis, hiki i ka huahana o ka glycolysis (pyruvate) ke komo i nā ala aerobic ʻē aʻe i loko o ka mitochondria, e like me ke kaʻina hana Krebs a me ke kaulahao lawe electron, inā loaʻa ka oxygen. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Glycolysis ponoʻī ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, e like me nā ʻiʻo i ka wā o ka hoʻoikaika kino nui i ka wā e emi ai ka lako o ka oxygen.
Nīnau 5: ʻOkoʻa ma waena o nā pae hoʻopukapuka kālā a me ka uku o ka ikehu
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pae hoʻopukapuka ikehu a me ka pae uku ikehu i ka glycolysis.
Kūkākūkā:
Ua māhele ʻia ʻo Glycolysis i ʻelua mau pae nui: ka pae hoʻopukapuka ikehu a me ka pae uku ikehu.
1. Ka Pae Hoʻopukapuka Ikehu:
– I kēia pae, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka wāwahi ʻana i ka glucose i ʻelua mau molekala o ka triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).
– ʻO ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o 2 mau molekala ATP no ka phosphorylation o nā mea waena kō, ka mea i hana nui ʻia e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka glucose i mea e pane hou aku ai.
- ʻO nā hana nui ma aneʻi:
– Ka phosphorylation o ka glucose e hana i ka glucose-6-phosphate.
– ʻO ka lua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ATP e hana i ka fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
2. Ka Pae Uku Ikehu:
– Maanei, ua oxidized a phosphorylated ʻia nā molekala triose phosphate e hana i ka ATP.
– E hele ana kēlā me kēia molekole triose phosphate i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e hana ana i ka huina o 2 ATP a me 1 NADH (no laila 4 ATP a me 2 NADH i ka huina mai ʻelua mau molekole triose).
– ʻAʻole wale kēia pae e pani i ka ATP i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pae hoʻopukapuka kālā, akā hoʻopuka pū kekahi i ka loaʻa o 2 ATP.
Ka hopena
He ala metabolic koʻikoʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi ka Glycolysis e hana ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā meaola. Ma o nā pilikia hoʻohālike i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu o ke ʻano o ka hana pū ʻana o nā hopena a me nā ʻāpana o ka glycolysis e hana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP a me NADH, a me kāna hana i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka metabolism cellular. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i ka glycolysis e hāʻawi i kahi kahua paʻa no ke aʻo hou ʻana i nā ala metabolic a me kā lākou pilina me ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka meaola.
