Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā ma nā Electrolytes
ʻO nā electrolytes nā mea hiki ke hoʻokele i ka uila ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe. Ua māhele ʻia nā electrolytes i ʻelua ʻano nui: nā electrolytes ikaika a me nā electrolytes nāwaliwali. Hoʻohui piha nā electrolytes ikaika i loko o ka hopena, ʻoiai ʻo nā electrolytes nāwaliwali e hoʻohui hapa wale. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā electrolytes i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou wehewehe ʻana e pili ana i nā electrolytes.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ke hoʻoholo nei i ke kekelē o ka Ionization
Nīnau: Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka waikawa acetic (CH₃COOH) he 0,1 M a me ke kekelē o ka ionization (α) he 4%. He aha ka nui o nā ions i loko o ka hopena?
Kūkākūkā:
1. E hoʻoholo i ke kekelē o ka ionization:
ʻO ke kekelē o ka ionization (α) ka hapa o kahi mea i ionized ʻia i loko o ka hopena. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo α = 4% = 0.04.
2. Ka hoʻohālikelike ionization o ka waikawa acetic:
\[
\kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COO}^- + \kikokikona{H}^+
\]
3. Ke helu ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo:
ʻO 0,1 M ka nui mua o CH₃COOH. ʻOiai ʻo 0,04 ke kekelē o ka ionization, a laila:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-] = [\text{H}^+] = 0.1 manawa 0.04 = 0.004 \text{ M}
\]
Ka nui o ka CH₃COOH i hoʻohuihui ʻole ʻia:
\[
[\kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COOH}] = 0.1 \kikokikona{ M} – 0.004 \kikokikona{ M} = 0.096 \kikokikona{ M}
\]
Pane:
\[
[\kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COO}^-] = 0.004 \kikokikona{ M}
[\kikokikona{H}^+] = 0.004 \kikokikona{M}
[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}] ʻaʻole i hoʻohuihui ʻia = 0.096 \text{ M}
\]
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Ke helu ʻana iā Ksp (Huahana Solubility)
Nīnau: Hāʻawi ʻia kahi paʻakai, ʻo BaSO₄, kahi mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i ka wai me ka solubility o 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M. E helu i ka Ksp o BaSO₄.
Kūkākūkā:
1. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike solubility no ka paʻakai BaSO₄:
\[
\text{BaSO}_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons \text{Ba}^{2+} (aq) + \text{SO}_4^{2-} (aq)
\]
2. Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia:
Hāʻawi ʻia ka solubility o BaSO₄ = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M.
3. E helu i ka nui o ka ion:
Inā ʻo ka solubility o BaSO₄ = s = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M, a laila:
\[
[\text{Ba}^{2+}] = 1,0 \times 10^{-5} \text{ M}
\]
\[
[\text{SO}_4^{2-}] = 1,0 \times 10^{-5} \text{ M}
\]
4. Ke helu ʻana iā Ksp:
\[
K_{sp} = [\text{Ba}^{2+}] \times [\text{SO}_4^{2-}]
\]
\[
K_{sp} = (1,0 \times 10^{-5}) \times (1,0 \times 10^{-5})
\]
\[
K_{sp} = 1,0 \times 10^{-10}
\]
Pane:
\[
K_{sp} \text{BaSO₄} = 1,0 \times 10^{-10}
\]
Laʻana Nīnau 3: pH o nā Waikawa a me nā Waikawa
Nīnau: E helu i ka pH o kahi hopena HCl me ka nui o 0,01 M.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Ka hoʻohālikelike ionization o HCl:
\[
\kikokikona{HCl} \rightarrow \kikokikona{H}^+ + \kikokikona{Cl}^-
\]
He waikawa ikaika ʻo HCl, no laila ua pau ka ionization.
2. E helu i ka nui o ka ion hydrogen:
ʻO ka nui o ka HCl = 0,01 M ʻo ia hoʻi:
\[
[\kikokikona{H}^+] = 0.01 \kikokikona{M}
\]
3. Ke helu ʻana i ka pH:
\[
\kikokikona{pH} = -\log[\kikokikona{H}^+]
\]
\[
pH = -log(0.01)
\]
\[
pH = 2
\]
Pane:
\[
\text{pH} \text{ HCl solution} = 2
\]
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Ke helu ʻana i ka pOH o kahi Waiwai Kumu
Nīnau: E helu i ka pOH a me ka pH o kahi hopena KOH me ka nui o 0,001 M.
Kūkākūkā:
1. Ka hoʻohālikelike ionization o KOH:
\[
\kikokikona{KOH} \rightarrow \kikokikona{K}^+ + \kikokikona{OH}^-
\]
He kumu ikaika ʻo KOH, no laila ua pau ka ionization.
2. E helu i ka nui o nā iona hydroxide:
ʻO ke anawaena KOH = 0,001 M ʻo ia hoʻi:
\[
[\kikokikona{OH}^-] = 0.001 \kikokikona{M}
\]
3. Ke helu ʻana i ka pOH:
\[
\kikokikona{pOH} = -\log[\kikokikona{OH}^-]
\]
\[
\kikokikona{pOH} = -\log(0.001)
\]
\[
\kikokikona{pOH} = 3
\]
4. Ke helu ʻana i ka pH:
\[
pH = 14 – pOH
\]
\[
pH = 14 – 3
\]
\[
pH = 11
\]
Pane:
\[
\text{pOH} \text{ hopena KOH} = 3
\text{pH} \text{ hopena KOH} = 11
\]
Laʻana Nīnau 5: Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka nui o nā ʻiona Hydroxide
Nīnau: He 3 ka pH o kahi hopena waikawa hydrofluoric (HF). He aha ka nui o nā ion hydroxide (OH⁻) i loko o ka hopena?
Kūkākūkā:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka nui o nā iona hydrogen:
Hāʻawi ʻia ka pH = 3, a laila:
\[
[\kikokikona{H}^+] = 10^{-3} \kikokikona{ M}
\]
2. Ke hoʻohana nei i ke kumumanaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o ka pH a me ka pOH:
\[
pH + pOH = 14
\]
3. Ke helu ʻana i ka pOH:
\[
\kikokikona{pOH} = 14 – \kikokikona{pH}
\]
\[
\kikokikona{pOH} = 14 – 3 = 11
\]
4. E helu i ka nui o nā iona hydroxide:
\[
[\kikokikona{OH}^-] = 10^{-\kikokikona{pOH}}
\]
\[
[\kikokikona{OH}^-] = 10^{-11} \kikokikona{ M}
\]
Pane:
\[
[\text{OH}^-] \text{ i loko o ka hopena HF} = 1 \times 10^{-11} \text{ M}
\]
Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu o nā electrolytes a me ka solubility i ka kemika. Ma ka ʻike ʻana pehea e helu ai i ke kekelē o ka ionization, Ksp, pH, a me pOH, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia like ʻole e pili ana i nā hopena electrolyte. Ua kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike maopopo o ka pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka electrolyte. Manaʻolana, he kōkua kēia wehewehe no ka poʻe heluhelu e makemake ana e hoʻonui i ko lākou ʻike i nā electrolytes i ka kemika.
