Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka Anabolism a me ka Catabolism
I loko o ka biology, ʻo ka metabolism kahi moʻo o nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia i loko o nā cell o nā meaola ola e mālama i ke ola. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia ka metabolism i ʻelua ʻano o nā kaʻina hana: anabolism a me catabolism. Pili ka Anabolism i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā molekala nui mai nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka catabolism e pili ana i ka wāwahi ʻana i nā molekala nui i nā mea liʻiliʻi, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia e ke kino.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka anabolism a me ka catabolism i ka biology, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā haumāna e aʻo ana i ka biology a i ʻole nā ʻepekema olakino. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e wehewehe mākou i nā pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka anabolism a me ka catabolism a kūkākūkā iā lākou.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike Anabolism
1. Nīnau 1: Kaʻina Hana Photosynthesis
ʻO ka photosynthesis kahi laʻana koʻikoʻi o ka anabolism. E wehewehe pehea e hana ai ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis i ka glucose mai ke kalapona ʻokikene a me ka wai me ke kōkua o ka ikehu mālamalama.
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻia ka photosynthesis i loko o nā chloroplasts o nā cell mea kanu a pili i ʻelua mau pae nui: nā hopena māmā a me ke kaʻina hana Calvin. I loko o nā hopena māmā, hoʻopili ʻia ka lā e ka chlorophyll, e hopena ana i ka photolysis o ka wai e hana i ka oxygen, ATP, a me NADPH. A laila, i loko o ke kaʻina hana Calvin, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ATP a me NADPH e hoʻololi i ke kalapona dioxide i glucose. ʻO ke kaulike kemika maʻamau no ka photosynthesis penei:
\[
6CO_2 + 6H_2O + mālamalama \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
\]
2. Nīnau 2: Hana ʻana i ka Protein
Pehea ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuihui protein i laʻana o ka anabolism, a he aha ke kuleana o ka mRNA i kēia kaʻina hana?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka protein he hana anabolic e hoʻololi i nā waikawa amino i nā protein. Pili ia i ʻelua mau pae nui: ka transcription a me ka unuhi. I ka transcription, hoʻohana ʻia ka DNA ma ke ʻano he template e hana i ka mRNA i loko o ka nucleus cell. A laila haʻalele ka mRNA i ka nucleus a hele i nā ribosomes i loko o ka cytoplasm. Maanei, i ke kahua unuhi, hāʻawi ka mRNA i kahi kaʻina e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano a me ke kauoha o nā waikawa amino e pono e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o kahi polypeptide. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu mai ATP, pili pū nā waikawa amino e hana i kahi kaulahao polypeptide, a laila pelu i loko o kahi protein hana.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no ka catabolism
1. Nīnau 3: Hanu ʻana o ke Kelepona
E wehewehe pehea e hana ai ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ke kaʻina hana catabolic a e papa inoa i nā pae i komo i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona aerobic.
Kūkākūkā:
He hana catabolic ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona e wāwahi ana i ka glucose i ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP, wai, a me ke kalapona ʻokikene. Hana ʻia kēia hana ma ʻekolu mau pae nui: glycolysis, ke kaʻina hana waikawa citric (kaʻina hana Krebs), a me ke kaulahao lawe uila.
- Hana ʻia ka glycolysis ma ka cytoplasm a hoʻololi i ka glucose i pyruvate, e hana ana i 2 mau molekala ATP a me 2 mau molekala NADH.
– Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana Krebs ma ka mitochondria, kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka pyruvate i acetyl-CoA, a laila komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana Krebs. Hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana i 1 ATP, 3 NADH, a me 1 FADH2.
– Hoʻohana ke kaulahao lawe uila i loko o ka membrane mitochondrial iā NADH a me FADH2 e hana i ka ikehu no ka synthesis ATP ma o ka phosphorylation oxidative. Hoʻohana ʻia ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he mea ʻae uila hope loa, e hana ana i ka wai.
2. Nīnau 4: Hoʻomoʻa ʻana
He aha ka fermentation a pehea e ʻokoʻa ai mai ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana catabolic?
Kūkākūkā:
He hana anaerobic catabolic ka fermentation e hana ʻia ke loaʻa ʻole ka oxygen. I ka fermentation, hoʻomau ka glycolysis i ka hana ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o ATP, akā ʻaʻole komo ka pyruvic acid i ka pōʻaiapuni Krebs. Akā, hoʻololi ka fermentation i ka pyruvate i nā huahana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ethanol a i ʻole ka lactic acid, e hana hou i ka NAD+ e pono ai no ka glycolysis hoʻomau. ʻO ka hopena kēia i kahi haʻahaʻa loa o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona aerobic.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e hoʻohui ana i ka Anabolism a me ka Catabolism
1. Nīnau 5: Nā Hana Metabolic i loko o ke Kino
E wehewehe pehea e mālama ai ke kino o ke kanaka i kahi kaulike ma waena o ka anabolism a me ka catabolism a me ka hopena o kēia kaulike ʻole i ke olakino.
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻoponopono mau ke kino kanaka i ka wikiwiki o ka anabolism a me ka catabolism e hoʻokō i nā pono ikehu a me nā mea kūkulu hale o nā cell. ʻO nā hormones e like me ka insulin a me ka hormone ulu e hoʻoulu i ka anabolism, ʻoiai ʻo nā hormones e like me ka glucagon, adrenaline, a me cortisol e hoʻoulu i ka catabolism. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kaulike no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis.
ʻO ke kaulike ʻole ma waena o ka anabolism a me ka catabolism hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia olakino like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o ka catabolism ma mua o ka anabolism hiki ke alakaʻi i ka haki nui ʻana o nā ʻiʻo o ke kino, e like me ka ʻiʻo, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā kūlana e like me ka atrophy ʻiʻo. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka anabolism ma mua o ka catabolism, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka momona o ke kino, a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka momona.
Ma o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka anabolism a me ka catabolism, ma nā ʻano hoʻonaʻauao a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ke aʻo hou ʻana i ka metabolism e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no ka noiʻi lapaʻau a me ka meaʻai e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia olakino like ʻole e pili ana i ka metabolism.
