Nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu nāwaliwali: nā ʻano, nā laʻana, a me nā noi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā
Pendahuluan
I loko o ke kemika, ʻo nā waikawa a me nā kumu he ʻelua mau pūʻulu o nā mea me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā hopena kemika like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā waikawa a me nā kumu i ikaika a nāwaliwali, ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā protons (H⁺) a i ʻole nā iona hydroxide (OH⁻) i loko o ka hopena wai. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me nā kumu nāwaliwali me nā kikoʻī, me ko lākou mau ʻano, nā laʻana, a me nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā.
Nā ʻano o nā waikawa nāwaliwali
ʻO nā waikawa nāwaliwali nā waikawa i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻole i loko o ka wai. ʻO ke ʻano kēia e hoʻokuʻu wale lākou i kahi hapa o kā lākou mau protons i loaʻa (H⁺). He ʻokoʻa kēia i nā waikawa ikaika, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ai. Ua wehewehe ʻia ke kekelē o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kahi waikawa nāwaliwali e ka acid dissociation constant (Ka), kahi e hōʻike ai kahi waiwai Ka liʻiliʻi i kahi waikawa nāwaliwali.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā waikawa nāwaliwali e komo pū ana me ka waikawa acetic (CH₃COOH), ka waikawa citric (C₆H₈O₇), a me ka waikawa carbonic (H₂CO₃). E nānā kākou i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona me nā kikoʻī hou aku:
1. ʻAkika ʻAketika (CH₃COOH)
– Kumu: ʻO ka mea nui i loko o ka vīnega.
– Ka: 1.8 × 10⁻⁵.
– Nā Hoʻohana: Mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale, mea mālama meaʻai, a me ka mea hoʻohui i ka kemika organik.
2. ʻAkika Citric (C₆H₈O₇)
– Kumu: Loaʻa i nā hua citrus e like me nā lemona a me nā ʻalani.
– Ka: ʻOkoʻa no ka mea he ʻekolu mau protons o ka waikawa citric e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia, me Ka₁ = 7.4 × 10⁻⁴.
– Nā Hoʻohana: Ma ke ʻano he mea mālama meaʻai, mea hoʻonui ʻono ʻawaʻawa, a ma ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mālama ʻili.
3. ʻAkika Kalapona (H₂CO₃)
– Kumu: Hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o nā hopena o ke kalapona ʻokikene i loko o ka wai, e like me nā mea inu kalapona.
– Ka: Ka₁ = 4.3 × 10⁻⁷.
– Nā Hoʻohana: Mālama i ke kaulike waikawa-kumu i loko o ke koko, nā mea inu kalapona.
Nā ʻano o nā kumu nāwaliwali
ʻO ke kumu nāwaliwali kahi kumu i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻole ʻia i loko o ka hopena wai. E like me nā waikawa nāwaliwali, loaʻa i nā kumu nāwaliwali kahi kumu conjugate ikaika a me kahi kumu dissociation constant (Kb), kahi e hōʻike ai ka waiwai Kb liʻiliʻi i kahi kumu nāwaliwali.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kumu nāwaliwali e komo pū ana me ka ammonia (NH₃), methylamine (CH₃NH₂), a me ka wai (H₂O). Eia kekahi mau kumu nāwaliwali me nā kikoʻī hou aku:
1. ʻAmonia (NH₃)
– Kumu: I hana ʻia mai ka palaho ʻana o nā mea organik a loaʻa i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale.
– Kb: 1.8 × 10⁻⁵.
– Nā Hoʻohana: Mea hoʻomomona, mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me ka mea hoʻomaʻalili i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili ammonia.
2. Methylamine (CH₃NH₂)
– Kumu: Hoʻokumu ʻia i nā kaʻina hana fermentation a ma ke ʻano he reagent i ka synthesis kemika.
– Kb: 4.4 × 10⁻⁴.
- Nā hoʻohana: Hana ʻana i nā pesticides, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā kala.
3. Wai (H₂O)
– Kumu: Loaʻa ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe i ke kaiapuni.
– Kb: Liʻiliʻi loa, no ka mea, hana ka wai ma ke ʻano he kumu nāwaliwali loa i ka hopena autodissolution.
– Nā Hoʻohana: Mea hoʻoheheʻe honua no nā hopena kemika, ka inu ʻana, a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ka Hana ʻAkika Nawaliwali a me ke Kumu Nawaliwali
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka exothermic o nā hopena ma waena o nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me nā kumu nāwaliwali ma mua o nā hopena ma waena o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu ikaika. Hoʻopuka kēia hopena i ka paʻakai a me ka wai ma ke kaʻina hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka neutralization. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana mau ka neutralization ma waena o ka waikawa nāwaliwali a me kahi kumu nāwaliwali i kahi hopena neutral no ka mea hiki i nā huahana hopena ke loaʻa nā waiwai acidic a basic paha ma muli o ka ikaika pili o ka waikawa a me ke kumu.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa acetic (kahi waikawa nāwaliwali) a me ka ammonia (kahi kumu nāwaliwali) e hoʻopuka i ka ammonium acetate:
\[ \kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COOH} + \kikokikona{NH}_3 \rightarrow \kikokikona{CH}_3\kikokikona{COO}^- + \kikokikona{NH}_4^+ \]
Nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
1. Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka pH i loko o ke kino
– He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka waikawa kalapona a me ka bicarbonate (nā kumu hoʻohui) i ka ʻōnaehana pale koko e mālama ai i ka pH koko i loko o kahi pae haiki o 7.4.
2. ʻOihana Meaʻai a me Mea Inu
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa Citric i ka ʻoihana meaʻai a me ka mea inu e hoʻohui i ka ʻono a ma ke ʻano he mea mālama. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻAmonia i kekahi mau kaʻina hana fermentation.
3. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Hale
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui e like me ka waikawa acetic i loko o ka vīnega e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūlohelohe, ʻoiai loaʻa ka ammonia i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e wehe i nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻala ʻino.
4. Mahiʻai
– He mea nui ka ʻAmonia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomomona naikokene, he mea nui ia no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
5. Nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau
– Hoʻohana ka nui o nā lāʻau i nā mea i loaʻa mai nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me nā kumu nāwaliwali e hoʻonui i ka pono a i ʻole e kaohi i ka pH o ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me nā kumu i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola, mai nā hana olaola a hiki i nā noi ʻoihana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokaʻawale loa i loko o ka hopena wai, ʻo ko lākou hiki ke komo i nā hopena kemika no nā ʻano noi like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau waiwai. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me nā kumu, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana maikaʻi iā lākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
