Filin Lantarki

Haka kuma a yi nazarin tattaunawar tambayoyin filin lantarki da misalan tambayoyin filin lantarki.

Domin sauƙaƙe fahimtar ƙarfin lantarki da zai iya aiki daga nesa, an gabatar da manufar fili. Masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya Michael Faraday (1791–1867) ne ya ƙirƙiro manufar filin lantarki.

Fahimta

A ce sandar gilashi ta farko ba ta da wutar lantarki. Bayan an shafa ta da zane, sandar gilashin za ta yi caji ta hanyar lantarki. Idan sandar gilashin tana da wutar lantarki , filin zai bayyana a lokaci guda a kusa da sandar gilashin. Idan sandar gilashin ta zama tsaka-tsaki, filin zai ɓace daga sararin samaniya a lokaci guda. Don haka wanzuwar filin ba za a iya raba shi da kasancewar wutar lantarki ba. Filin lantarki ba wani nau'in abu bane kamar iska kuma ba wani nau'in raƙuman ruwa bane kamar raƙuman lantarki, amma wani abu ne da wutar lantarki ke samarwa kuma yana shafar sararin da ke kewaye da cajin lantarki, inda tasirinsa ke faruwa ne kawai ta hanyar wasu cajin lantarki.

Domin gwada ko akwai fili a cikin sarari, ana ɗauka cewa akwai cajin gwaji a cikin wannan sararin. Cajin gwaji caji ne (Q) wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har yana samar da ƙaramin fili kuma saboda haka ana iya yin watsi da shi. Duk da haka, cajin gwaji na iya jin tasirin filin da wasu cajin lantarki ke samarwa. Cajin gwaji yana nan ne kawai don bincika ko akwai filin lantarki. Idan akwai ɗaya, cajin gwaji zai fuskanci tasiri a cikin nau'in ƙarfin lantarki. Akasin haka, idan babu, cajin gwaji ba zai fuskanci ƙarfin lantarki ba.

Kalli hoton da ke gefe.
A cikin hoto na 1, cajin + q₁ kuma cajin + q₂ yana samar da filin lantarki a sararin da ke kewaye. Lokacin da aka sanya cajin gwaji +q_o a wani wuri a sararin samaniya, cajin gwaji + q_o fuskantar ƙarfin lantarki. F₁ shine ƙarfin wutar lantarki da cajin + q ke amfani da shi₁ a cajin gwaji + q_o da kuma F₂ shine ƙarfin wutar lantarki da cajin + q ke amfani da shi₂ a cajin gwaji + q_oA cikin hoto na 2, lokacin da aka cire cajin gwaji, filin ya kasance kuma bai ɓace daga wannan wurin ba. E₁ Shin filin da aka samar da shi ne ta hanyar cajin lantarki + q₁ da kuma E₂ Shin filin da aka samar da shi ne ta hanyar cajin lantarki + q₂.

Ƙarfin filin

Filin lantarki adadi ne na vector, wanda ke da girma da alkibla. Ƙarfin filin lantarki a wani wuri ana bayyana shi a matsayin ƙarfin lantarki da cajin lantarki ke yi akan cajin gwaji mai kyau da aka sanya a wannan wurin, wanda aka raba da girman cajin gwaji.
Bayani:
E = ƙarfin filin
F = ƙarfin lantarki
q = girman cajin gwaji
Bayani:
Q = cajin lantarki
r = tazara tsakanin cajin lantarki da cajin gwaji
(karanta: epsilon sifili) = izinin sarari mara komai = 8,854 x 10^-12 C²/Nm²
k = Madaidaitan Coulomb = 9 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²

Nau'in ƙarfin lantarki shine Newton kuma naúrar cajin lantarki shine Coulomb don haka naúrar filin shine Newton/Coulomb, wanda aka taƙaita shi N/C.

Arah

 
Kalli hoton da ke gefe
Kunnawa Hoto na 1a, cajin lantarki mai kyau (+Q) yana fitar da ƙarfin lantarki akan cajin gwaji mai kyau (+q), inda alkiblar ƙarfin lantarki (F) take nesa da cajin +Q.
Kunnawa Siffa ta 1b, lokacin da aka cire cajin gwaji, a wannan lokacin akwai filin (E) wanda alkiblarsa ba ta da wutar lantarki Q.
Kunnawa Hoto na 2a, cajin lantarki mara kyau (-Q) yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki akan cajin gwaji mai kyau (+q), inda alkiblar ƙarfin lantarki (F) ke kusantar cajin -Q.
Kunnawa Siffa ta 2b, lokacin da aka cire cajin gwaji, a wannan lokacin akwai filin (E) wanda alkiblarsa take kusa da cajin lantarki -Q.
Dangane da hoton da bayanin da ke sama, za a iya kammala da cewa alkiblar filin tana nesa da cajin lantarki mai kyau kuma tana zuwa ga cajin lantarki mara kyau.

Misalin matsalolin

1. Maki A yana cikin filin lantarki. Ƙarfin filin lantarki a wurin A shine 0,4 N/C. Idan aka sanya wani abu mai caji na 0,2 C a wurin A, ƙarfin Coulomb na...
A. 0,2 N
B. 0,4 N
C. 0,6 N
D. 0,7 N
E. 0,8 N
Tattaunawa:
An sani :
E = 0,4 N/C
q = 0,2 C
An tambaya :
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki?
Jawab :
F = q E = (0,2 C)(4 N/C) = 0,8 N
Amsar da ta dace ita ce E.

2. Wurin caji q yana a wurin A a cikin filin lantarki da cajin (+) ya samar don haka yana fuskantar ƙarfin 0,1 N a cikin alkiblar zuwa ga cajin q. Idan ƙarfin filin a wurin A shine 0,02 N/C, to girma da nau'in cajin q sune...
A. 5,0 C, tabbatacce
B. 5,0 C, ko kuma korau
C. 4,0 C, tabbatacce
D. 2,5 C, ko kuma korau
E. 2,5 C, tabbatacce
Tattaunawa:
An sani :
F = 0,1N
E = 0,02 N/C
An tambaya :
Menene girma da alkiblar cajin q?
Jawab :
Girman cajin q:
F = q E
q = F / E = 0,1 N: 0,02 N/C = 5C
Nau'in caji q:
Alkiblar ƙarfin Coulomb tana zuwa ga cajin q don haka cajin q dole ne ya sami ƙimar da ta dace.