Kayan Cajin Wutar Lantarki
Don Allah ku lura da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kewaye da ku. Idan kun lalata wani abu, misali dutse, dutsen zai rabu zuwa ƙananan guntu da yawa. Idan aka sake murƙushe dutsen, dutsen zai rikide ya zama ƙananan guntu. Me zai faru idan aka sake murƙushe guntu na dutsen? Hakika, an murƙushe guntu na dutsen kuma an mayar da su ƙananan guntu. Shin za a iya raba duwatsu zuwa ƙananan guntu har sai sun kasance marasa iyaka? Gaskiyar magana ita ce duk wani abu idan aka raba shi zuwa ƙananan guntu zai isa inda ba za a iya raba ƙaramin ɓangaren abu zuwa ƙananan guntu ba. Mafi ƙarancin ɓangaren abu wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba ana kiransa atom. Don haka atom shine ƙaramin ɓangare na kowane abu a cikin sararin samaniya.
Cajin Wutar Lantarki a Kwayoyin Halitta
Atoms sun ƙunshi electrons, protons, da neutrons. Protons da neutrons suna samar da atomic nucleus, wanda ke auna kimanin mita 10-15 . Electrons suna wajen tsakiya kuma suna kewaya shi kamar yadda taurari ke kewaya rana. Idan aka ɗauka cewa diamita na atom yana da kilomita da yawa, tsakiyan yana da girman ƙwallon billiard, tare da electrons suna cikin tsakiya, suna kaiwa nisan kimanin mita 10-10 . Tsakanin tsakiya da electron akwai sarari babu komai.
Ana samun electrons masu caji mara kyau a gefunan atom, kuma protons masu caji mai kyau suna cikin nucleus. Domin electrons su ci gaba da kewaya nucleus kuma kada su tsere daga atom, nucleus mai caji mai kyau dole ne ya yi amfani da karfi mai jan hankali akan electrons. Wannan karfi, wanda ke sa electrons su kewaya nucleus kuma ya hana su tserewa, ana kiransa da karfin lantarki.
Akasin haka, a cikin kwayar halittar atom akwai protons masu caji mai kyau, don haka suna tunkuɗa junansu ta halitta saboda suna da caji iri ɗaya. Domin a haɗa protons a cikin kwayar halittar atom kuma a hana su rabuwa da kwayar halittar atom, dole ne a riƙe su tare. Ƙarfin da ke riƙe protons tare a cikin kwayar halittar atom ana kiransa ƙarfin nukiliya.
Nauyin proton kusan iri ɗaya ne da na neutron. Kimanin kashi 99,9% na nauyin atom yana taruwa a cikin tsakiya, yayin da electrons ke da ƙaramin nauyi. Nauyin electron (m e ) = 9,1093897 x 10 -31 kg, nauyin neutron (m n ) = 1,6749286 x 10 -27 kg, da nauyin proton (m p ) = 1,6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Adadin Cajin Wutar Lantarki
Electrons suna da caji mara kyau, protons suna da caji mai kyau, kuma neutrons ba sa yin tsayayya da wutar lantarki. Protons da neutrons da suka samar da atom nucleus sun ƙunshi quarks, waɗanda ke da caji kusan 1/3 kuma kusan sau 2/3 na electrons. Quarks su ne ƙananan barbashi da suka samar da atoms, amma zuwa yanzu, ba a gano quarks suna wanzuwa su kaɗai a matsayin barbashi ɗaya ba.
Girman cajin electron ko cajin proton shine babban sashin caji. Girman cajin lantarki na abu shine yawan cajin electron ko cajin proton. Wannan ana kiransa cajin da aka ƙididdige . Misali, idan ƙaramin adadin kuɗin da muke amfani da shi shine rupiah 100, to adadin kuɗin da mutum yake da shi ana bayyana shi a cikin ninki mafi ƙanƙanta, wato rupiah 100. Misali, adadin kuɗina shine 100.000 kuma wannan 100.000 za a iya raba shi da 100. Zai zama abin mamaki idan adadin kuɗina shine 100.002 saboda babu lambar rupiah 2. Haka nan, adadin cajin abu. Adadin cajin electron shine -e kuma adadin cajin proton shine +e. Adadin cajin abu shine ninki na e ko 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb kuma ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Q = ±Ne. Q = adadin caji, ± yana wakiltar nau'in caji, N = lamba, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Cajin Wutar Lantarki a Abubuwa
Idan kwayar zarra tana da adadin electrons iri ɗaya da protons, to jimlar wutar lantarki da ke cikin kwayar zarra sifili ne, kuma kwayar zarra tsaka tsaki ce, ma'ana ba ta da wutar lantarki. Adadin protons ko electrons a cikin kwayar zarra tsaka tsaki ana kiranta lambar atomic (Z) . Idan akwai electrons da yawa fiye da protons, kwayar zarra tana da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Akasin haka, idan akwai electrons ƙasa da protons, kwayar zarra tana da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Ana kiran atoms da aka caji mara kyau ions marasa kyau , yayin da atoms da aka caji mara kyau ana kiransu ions masu kyau . Tsarin sha ko sakin electrons daga kwayar zarra ana kiransa ionization . Idan muka ce an caji atom, muna nufin jimlar cajin ko cajin net. Misali, kwayar zarra tana da electrons 10 da protons 7. Wannan kwayar zarra tana da wutar lantarki mara kyau saboda tana da electrons 3 da suka wuce gona da iri da aka caji mara kyau. Don haka cajin net na wannan kwayar zarra shine 3, kuma nau'in cajin atomic mara kyau ne. Lambobi 3, 7, 10 misalai ne kawai don sauƙaƙa fahimta. A zahiri, adadin wutar lantarki na wani abu yana da yawan cajin electron ko cajin proton.
Idan abu yana da electrons da yawa kamar protons, to abu yana tsaka-tsaki ko kuma ba shi da wutar lantarki. Idan abu yana da electrons da yawa fiye da protons to abu yana da negative charge, akasin haka idan abu yana da electrons da yawa fiye da protons to abu yana da positive charge. Ana iya sanya abu wanda da farko yake tsaka-tsaki ya yi negative charge ta hanyar ƙara electrons a cikin abu, yayin da abu kuma za a iya sanya positive charge ta hanyar rage electrons a cikin abu.
