Ka'idar Aiki ta John Searle: Gano Girman Harshe da Gaskiya
John Searle yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana falsafa na zamani, wanda ya haɓaka ra'ayi mai tsari game da fannoni daban-daban na falsafa, gami da harshe, tunani, da kuma gaskiyar zamantakewa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Searle ya bayar ita ce ka'idar aikinsa, wadda ta yi nazari sosai kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe da gaskiya. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu binciki ka'idar aiki ta John Searle, asalinta, manyan ra'ayoyinta, da kuma tasirinta ga fahimtarmu game da harshe da gaskiyar zamantakewa.
Bayani game da Falsafar Aiki ta Searle
An haifi John Searle a shekarar 1932 a Amurka kuma ya sami digirin digirgir na uku daga Jami'ar Oxford. Tasirin falsafar nazari ta harshe, musamman ayyukan J.L. Austin da Ludwig Wittgenstein , yana da ƙarfi a cikin ayyukan Searle. A cikin littafinsa, "Ayyukan Magana: Muƙala a cikin Falsafar Harshe" (1969), Searle ya faɗaɗa ra'ayin Austin na "ayyukan magana" ta hanyar da ta fi tsari da kuma cikakke.
Aikin magana aiki ne da ake yi ta hanyar furta kalmomi. Misali, ta hanyar faɗin "Na yi alkawari," mutum ba wai kawai yana furta kalmomi ba ne, har ma yana yin aikin alƙawari. Wannan aikin magana yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa kuma yana ba mutane damar sadarwa da ƙirƙirar nau'ikan gaskiyar zamantakewa daban-daban.
Tsarin Asali na Ayyukan Jawabi
Searle ya gano manyan abubuwa guda uku a cikin ayyukan magana: furuci, furuci, da kuma furta kalmomi. Waɗannan abubuwa guda uku sun samar da tsarin asali wanda ke bayanin yadda harshe ke aiki a matsayin kayan aiki don aiwatar da ayyukan zamantakewa.
1. Dokar Lambobin Sadarwa: Wannan ita ce aikin furta kalmomi masu ma'ana ta musamman. Misali, idan wani ya ce "Ruwan sama ne," aikin lambobin sadarwa nasu shine furta jumla mai ma'anar cewa ruwan sama ne.
2. Dokar Wayo: Wannan aikin yin wani abu ne ta hanyar furta kalmomi. A cikin misalin "Ruwan sama ne," aikin wayo na iya zama samar da bayanai ga mai sauraro game da yanayin yanayi.
3. Dokar Yin Lalata: Wannan ita ce tasirin da kalmomin da aka faɗa ke haifarwa ga mai sauraro. Misali, mai sauraro wanda ya ji "Ruwan sama ne" zai iya yanke shawarar kawo laima ko kuma ya sake tunani game da shirinsa.
Ta hanyar bambance waɗannan siffofi guda uku, Searle yana samar da tsari mafi inganci don fahimtar yadda harshe ba wai kawai kayan aiki ne na sadarwa ba, har ma kayan aiki ne na samar da ayyukan zamantakewa na gaske.
Rarraba Ayyukan Ƙarya
Searle ya ci gaba da haɓaka rarraba ayyukan ƙarya zuwa manyan rukuni biyar, kowannensu yana da aiki da manufa daban-daban a cikin sadarwa:
1. Wakili: Wannan aikin yana da nufin bayyana wani yanayi ko gaskiya. Misalan sun haɗa da kalamai ko rahotanni.
2. Umarni: Wannan matakin yana da nufin sa wani ɓangare ya yi wani abu. Misalan sun haɗa da buƙatu, umarni, ko shawarwari.
3. Mai tausayi: Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi jajircewar mai magana na yin wani abu a nan gaba. Misalai sun haɗa da alƙawari ko bayar da gudummawa.
4. Bayyanawa: Wannan aikin yana da nufin bayyana ra'ayoyin mai magana ko halayensa. Misalai sun haɗa da nuna godiya, neman afuwa, ko taya murna.
5. Bayyanawa: Wannan aikin yana haifar da sauyi a matsayi ko gaskiyar zamantakewa ta hanyar faɗin gaskiya. Misalai sun haɗa da auren abokin tarayya, yanke hukunci, ko yin murabus.
Niyya da Aikin Fahimta na Harshe
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ra'ayoyi a cikin ka'idar aiki ta Searle shine niyya, mallakar tunani da kalamai waɗanda ke jagorantar su zuwa ga wasu abubuwa ko yanayin al'amura a duniya. Searle yana ɗaukar harshe a matsayin faɗaɗa ikon ɗan adam na tunani da gangan, wato, tunanin da ke nufin ko game da wani abu.
A ra'ayin Searle, ayyukan harshe suna da alaƙa da tsarin tunaninmu. Misali, idan wani ya yi alkawari, ba wai kawai yana furta kalmomi ba ne, har ma yana da takamaiman ra'ayi game da makomar. Wannan yana nuna cewa ba za a iya fahimtar harshe daban da tsarin fahimta da ayyukan ɗan adam ba.
Gaskiyar Zamantakewa
Ka'idar aiki ta Searle kuma tana da fa'ida mai faɗi ga fahimtarmu game da gaskiyar zamantakewa. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Ginin Gaskiyar Zamantakewa" (1995), Searle ya gabatar da cewa an ƙirƙiri fannoni da yawa na duniyar zamantakewa ta hanyar ayyukan harshe. Ya kira wannan ra'ayi "gaskiyar cibiyoyi," wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar kuɗi, dukiya, da nau'ikan iko daban-daban da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.
Ana bambanta gaskiyar cibiyoyi daga gaskiyar da ta shafi manyan abubuwa, waɗanda su ne gaskiyar da ke wanzuwa ba tare da la'akari da imanin ɗan adam ko ayyukansa ba, kamar duwatsu ko duniyoyi. Gaskiyar cibiyoyi, a gefe guda, ta dogara ne akan yarjejeniya ta gama gari da amfani da harshe. Misali, kuɗi yana da daraja ne kawai saboda akwai yarjejeniya ta zamantakewa cewa yana da daraja. Wannan yana nuna cewa harshe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙira da kuma kula da tsarin zamantakewa mai rikitarwa.
Suka da Ci Gaba
Kamar yawancin ka'idojin falsafa, ka'idar Searle ta ayyukan magana ba ta tsira daga suka ba. Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa Searle ya fi jaddada rawar da harshe ke takawa wajen ƙirƙirar gaskiyar zamantakewa, yana yin watsi da wasu abubuwa kamar iko da tsarin kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, an yi jayayya cewa rarrabuwar ayyukan magana da Searle ya yi ba ta kama cikakken rikitarwa da bambancin ayyukan sadarwa a aikace ba.
Duk da waɗannan sukar, gudummawar Searle har yanzu tana da mahimmanci kuma ta ƙarfafa ƙarin bincike a fannin falsafar harshe da kimiyyar zamantakewa. Ayyukansa sun haifar da tattaunawa iri-iri da ci gaban ka'idoji, gami da nazarin yadda fasahar zamani da kafofin watsa labarun ke tasiri kan yadda muke sadarwa da kuma tsara gaskiyar zamantakewa.
Kammalawa
Ka'idar aiki ta John Searle tana ba da cikakken fahimta game da yadda harshe ba wai kawai kayan aiki ne na sadarwa ba, har ma da hanyar ƙirƙira da fahimtar gaskiyar zamantakewa. Ta hanyar rarraba ayyukan harshe zuwa manyan sassa kamar su locution, illocution, da perlocution, da kuma rarraba ayyukan illocutionary zuwa nau'ikan daban-daban, Searle yana ba da cikakken tsari don nazarin da fahimtar nau'ikan hulɗar zamantakewa daban-daban.
Manufofin da suka shafi niyya da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi cibiyoyi a cikin aikin Searle suna faɗaɗa fahimtarmu game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tunani, harshe, da kuma duniyar zamantakewa. Duk da fuskantar suka, waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun kasance masu dacewa kuma suna samar da tushe mai mahimmanci don bincike da tattaunawa mai yawa a cikin falsafar zamani. Don haka, ka'idar aiki ta John Searle ba wai kawai tana ƙara wa fahimtarmu game da harshe da sadarwa ba, har ma tana ba da kayan aiki mai ƙarfi na nazari don bincika da fahimtar sarkakiyar gaskiyar zamantakewa.
