Ra'ayin Ɗabi'a a cikin Ɗabi'ar Deontological
Ɗabi'a ɗaya ce daga cikin jigogi mafi muhimmanci a falsafar ɗabi'a, domin ta shafi tambayar: me ya sa aiki ya yi daidai ko ba daidai ba? Wata hanya mai tasiri wajen amsa wannan tambayar ita ce ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a. Ba kamar hanyoyin da ke tantance ɗabi'a bisa ga sakamako ba, ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a ta jaddada cewa ɗabi'a galibi ana ƙaddara ta ne ta hanyar wajibai, ƙa'idodi, da niyya da ke bayan wani aiki. Wannan labarin ya tattauna manufar ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a ta ...
Fahimtar Ɗabi'un Halitta
Kalmar deontology ta fito ne daga kalmomin Girkanci deon, ma'ana "wajibi," da kuma tambari, ma'ana "kimiyya" ko "nazari." A taƙaice dai, ɗabi'ar deontology ka'idar ɗabi'a ce da ke bayyana cewa ana auna ayyuka daidai ko ba daidai ba bisa ga bin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a ko ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ba wai kawai bisa ga sakamakon da aka samu ba.
A cikin wannan tsari, mutum zai iya yin wani aiki da ya dace da ɗabi'a ko da kuwa zai haifar da mummunan sakamako. Akasin haka, mutum zai iya yin wani aiki da ya bayyana yana kawo fa'idodi masu yawa amma har yanzu ana yi masa hukunci ba daidai ba idan ya karya wasu wajibai na ɗabi'a. Wannan yana nuna cewa, don ilimin halittar jiki, bai kamata a yi wa ɗabi'a sadaukarwa don wata manufa ba.
Ɗabi'a A Matsayin Biyayya Ga Wajibai
Manufar ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'un deontological tana da alaƙa da ra'ayin cewa akwai wajibai na ɗabi'a waɗanda ke ɗaure mutane. Waɗannan wajibai ba su dogara da abubuwan da mutum ya fi so ko wasu buƙatu na musamman ba, amma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin suna da ƙarfin al'ada: ya kamata a "bi su" da su.
Misali, ana ɗaukar ƙa'idar "kada ku yi ƙarya" a matsayin wajibin ɗabi'a. Idan wani ya faɗi gaskiya saboda tsoron hukunci ko kuma ya yi kyau, wannan aikin ba lallai bane yana da babban darajar ɗabi'a a ma'anar deontological. Ƙimar ɗabi'a tana tasowa ne lokacin da wani ya faɗi gaskiya saboda ya fahimci cewa gaskiya wajibi ne, ba kawai dabarar samun riba ba.
Matsayin Niyya da Manufa a Hukuncin Ɗabi'a
Ɗaya daga cikin alamomin ɗabi'un deontological shine muhimmancinsu ga niyya. Ana auna ɗabi'a ba wai kawai ta hanyar abin da ke faruwa bayan an ɗauki mataki ba, har ma da motsin zuciyar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya bayyana musamman a cikin tunanin Immanuel Kant , masanin falsafar da aka fi dangantawa da ɗabi'un deontological.
A cewar Kant, ana ɗaukar aiki a matsayin ɗabi'a idan an yi shi "don aikin" (daga aiki), ba wai kawai "bisa ga aiki ba". Wato, mutum zai iya yin aikin da ya dace a zahiri, amma dalilansa na iya zama rashin ɗabi'a. Misali, wani yana bayar da sadaka don a yaba masa. Ko da yake kuna taimaka wa wasu mutane, wannan aikin ba ya samo asali ne daga wajibin ɗabi'a ba, amma daga sha'awar samun yabo.
Saboda haka, a cikin ɗabi'un deontological, ɗabi'a ta zama wani abu mai zurfi fiye da ɗabi'a kawai; tana taɓa alƙawarin ciki na girmama ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a.
Ka'idar Kasancewar Duk Duniya: Bai kamata Ɗabi'a ta Zama Mai Zaman Kanta ba
Manufar ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'un deontological kuma tana jaddada duniya baki ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a dole ne su kasance masu aiki ga kowa da kowa akai-akai. Bai kamata ɗabi'a ta dogara da takamaiman yanayi waɗanda ke amfanar wasu mutane kawai ba.
Kant ya tsara wannan ta hanyar ra'ayin tilastawa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun dabarunsa ya ce: "Yi aiki kawai bisa ga waɗannan ƙa'idodi waɗanda a lokaci guda za ku iya zama dokoki na duniya." Wato, kafin mu yi aiki, dole ne mu tambaya: "Shin ina so idan kowa ya yi abu ɗaya a cikin irin wannan yanayi?" Idan amsar ita ce a'a, to aikin ba shi da kyau.
Misali, idan wani ya ba da hujjar yin ƙarya don amfanin kansa, to a zahiri yana karɓar duniyar da kowa zai iya yin ƙarya idan ta yi amfani. Duk da haka, irin wannan duniyar za ta lalata aminci har ma ta sa manufar "alkawari" ba ta da ma'ana. Saboda haka, ba za a iya ɗaukar ƙarya a matsayin doka ta duniya ba, don haka ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin rashin ɗabi'a daga mahangar addini.
Mutuncin Dan Adam da Haramcin Mu'amala da Mutane a Matsayin Kayan Aiki
A cikin ɗabi'un deontological, ɗabi'a tana da alaƙa da girmama mutuncin ɗan adam. Kant ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ɗauki mutane a matsayin abin da zai amfane su, ba kawai a matsayin hanyar cimma wasu buri ba. Wannan ƙa'ida ta taimaka wajen tsara ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a na zamani, gami da ra'ayin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Idan wani ya yi amfani da dabara, ya yi wa wasu ƙarya, ko ya ci zarafinsu don amfanin kansa, to yana amfani da wasu a matsayin kayan aiki. Ko da irin waɗannan ayyukan suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga mai aikata laifin ko ma ga wasu da yawa, ɗabi'un deontological za su ɗauke su a matsayin matsala saboda suna lalata mutuncin ɗan adam.
Misali mai sauƙi: kamfani wanda ke yin watsi da tsaron ma'aikata don ƙara riba. Sakamakon haka, wannan matakin na iya zama "mai inganci" kuma yana amfanar da masu hannun jari da yawa, amma a fannin ilimin zahiri, ya keta wajibcin ɗabi'a na girmama ɗan adam a matsayin mutane masu mutunci.
Rikici Na Wajibi da Kalubalen Ɗabi'ar Halitta
Ko da yake da alama kai tsaye, ɗabi'un deontological suna fuskantar ƙalubale idan wajibai suka yi karo. Me ya kamata a yi idan wajibai biyu na ɗabi'a suka yi karo? Misali, wajibcin faɗin gaskiya ya ci karo da wajibcin kare rayukan wasu. Idan wani mai laifi ya tambayi mutum game da wurin da wanda aka zalunta yake, shin ya kamata ya faɗi gaskiya ko ya yi ƙarya don ceton wanda aka zalunta?
A cikin tsauraran nau'ikan ilimin halittar jiki, har yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙarya a matsayin kuskure. Duk da haka, masana falsafa da masu tunani da ɗabi'a da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka nau'ikan ilimin halittar jiki masu sassauƙa, misali ta hanyar kafa tsarin wajibai ko la'akari da mahallin ba tare da manta da babban ƙa'idar ba: cewa akwai ƙa'idodi waɗanda bai kamata a yi musu sakaci cikin sauƙi ba.
Wani ƙalubale kuma shi ne fahimtar cewa ɗabi'un ...
Muhimmancin Ɗabi'un Halitta a Rayuwar Zamani
Duk da muhawara, manufar ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'un deontological har yanzu tana da mahimmanci a yau. A cikin aikin shari'a, ƙwarewa, da rayuwar zamantakewa, al'adu da yawa suna da alaƙa da deontological: likitoci suna da alhakin kiyaye sirrin marasa lafiya, alkalai suna da alhakin yanke hukunci ba tare da rikici na sha'awa ba, kuma 'yan jarida suna da alhakin isar da bayanai da gaskiya.
A cikin duniyar da ke cike da sarkakiya, hanyar nazarin halittu tana taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutuncin ɗabi'a ta hanyar kafa iyakoki bayyanannu: akwai abubuwan da bai kamata ka yi ba, koda kuwa suna da amfani. Wannan ƙa'ida tana da matuƙar muhimmanci don hana mutane fadawa cikin tarkon dabarar "ƙarshen ya tabbatar da hanyoyin".
Kammalawa
Manufar ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'ar deontological ta sanya wajibi, ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, niyya, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya a matsayin manyan ma'aunin adalci da rashin kuskuren ayyuka. Ɗabi'a ba ta dogara ne da nasara ko fa'idodin da ke fitowa daga aiki ba, sai dai ta hanyar bin ƙa'idodi da girmama mutuncin ɗan adam. Duk da ƙalubale kamar wajibai masu karo da juna da kuma zargin taurin kai, ɗabi'ar deontological ta kasance muhimmin tushe don fahimtar alhakin ɗabi'a, musamman lokacin da mutane suka jarabce su su sadaukar da ƙa'idodi don samun riba nan take. Tare da wannan hanyar, ɗabi'a ta zama alƙawarin yin aiki daidai ba saboda sakamakon ba, amma saboda shine abin da ya dace a yi.
