Sani da Halayyar Hankali Biyu
Pendahuluan
Sani yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa da rikitarwa a falsafa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi. Duk da cewa duk muna da gogewa da "kasancewa cikin sani," ainihin ma'anar sani har yanzu batun muhawara ne. A cikin wannan mahallin, sau da yawa ana amfani da biyun tunani - ra'ayin cewa akwai rikici ko biyun a cikin ɗan adam - don bayyana yadda sani yake aiki. Wannan labarin zai bincika waɗannan ra'ayoyi guda biyu kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa su don samar da cikakkiyar fahimta.
Sani: Gabatarwa
Ana iya bayyana sani a matsayin yanayi na sani da fahimta. A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da ji, tunani, tunawa, da fahimta. An gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa don bayyana wannan lamari, daga ka'idojin abubuwan duniya waɗanda ke ɗaukar sani a matsayin samfurin hanyoyin jiki a cikin kwakwalwa, zuwa hanyoyin biyu waɗanda ke ɗaukar sani a matsayin wani abu daban da kwakwalwar zahiri.
A cikin bincike na zamani, masana kimiyya da yawa suna ƙoƙarin warware hanyoyin ilimin halittar kwakwalwa na sani. Suna amfani da dabaru kamar hoton kwakwalwa don fahimtar yadda tarin ayyukan jijiyoyi zai iya samar da gogewa ta zahiri. Duk da ci gaba mai yawa, asirin sani har yanzu bai warware ba.
Hannu Biyu: Ra'ayin Falsafa
Ma'anar tunani biyu tana nufin ra'ayin cewa mutane suna da manyan fannoni ko abubuwa guda biyu: hankali mai hankali da kuma tunanin da ba shi da hankali. Masana falsafa kamar René Descartes suna cikin waɗanda suka fara gabatar da wani nau'i na dualism mai tsauri, wanda aka fi sani da "duality of res cogitans" (abun tunani) da "res extensa" (abun faɗaɗa).
Hankali Mai Sanin
Hankali mai hankali shine ɓangaren tunaninmu wanda muke sani kuma za mu iya sarrafa shi. Wannan shine ɓangaren kanmu wanda ke da ikon tunani, tsarawa, warware matsaloli, da yanke shawara. Hankali mai hankali yana shiga cikin dukkan nau'ikan ayyukan tunani waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfin hali, kulawa, da kuma zurfin tunani.
Zuciya mai hankali
Ba kamar tunanin da aka sani ba, tunanin da aka sani ya ƙunshi jerin hanyoyin tunani waɗanda ke aiki ba tare da saninmu ba. A cewar nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gargajiya, wanda Sigmund Freud ya shahara da shi, tunanin da aka sani yana adana abubuwan tunawa, sha'awa, da sha'awa waɗanda suke da zafi ko rashin jin daɗi don a haɗa su cikin tunanin da aka sani. Zuciyar da aka sani tana tasiri sosai ga halayenmu, sau da yawa ba tare da saninmu ba.
Mu'amala Tsakanin Sani da Halayyar Hankali Biyu
Ta yaya sani da kuma fahimtar juna suke hulɗa da kuma tasiri a tsakanin juna? Hanya ɗaya ta ganin hakan ita ce ta hanyar nazarin yadda hanyoyin da ba su sani ba za su iya tasiri a cikin sani da kuma akasin haka.
Tasirin Hankali Mai Zurfi Kan Sanin Kai
Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a gamu da yanayi inda tunanin da ba a sani ba ke shiga cikin sani. Misali, sau da yawa muna yanke shawara bisa ga "jinin ciki" ko "jinin ciki" wanda ba mu fahimta sosai ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa ɓangaren tunaninmu sau da yawa yana shafar tunaninmu na sani.
Misali, a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun kamar zaɓar abinci ko hanyar tafiya, muna iya tunanin muna yin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan da gangan. Duk da haka, sau da yawa abubuwan da ke motsa zuciya kamar halaye, tunanin yara, ko abubuwan da suka faru a baya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa fiye da yadda muka sani.
Tasirin Sanin Rai a Kan Hankali Mai Zurfi
A halin yanzu, hankalin da ke cikin tunani shi ma yana iya yin tasiri ga tunanin da ke cikin tunani. Wannan tsari sau da yawa yana da jinkiri kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari. Hanya ɗaya ta yin hakan ita ce ta hanyar dabarun da ake bi wajen yin aiki, inda muke maimaita yin aiki ko tunani har sai ya zama dawwama a cikin tunaninmu.
Misali, wanda ke son ya shawo kan tsoron yin magana a bainar jama'a zai iya ci gaba da yin aiki da ƙwarewarsa ta magana da kuma gina kwarin gwiwarsa. Wannan maimaitawa akai-akai zai iya taimakawa wajen "koyar" tunanin da ba shi da hankali ya mayar da martani mai kyau a cikin yanayi da yawanci zai haifar da damuwa.
Fahimta a Ra'ayin Kimiyyar Jijiyoyi
Daga mahangar ilimin halittar kwakwalwa, bincike ya nuna cewa akwai mu'amala mai sarkakiya tsakanin sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa wadda ke taka rawa wajen tsara wayewa. Wani yanki mai mahimmanci musamman a wannan fanni shine prefrontal cortex, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan zartarwa kamar tsarawa, yanke shawara, da kuma kame kai.
A matsayin "cibiyar sarrafawa," prefrontal cortex yana sarrafa bayanai daga sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa, yana haɗa bayanai na ji, tunawa, da martanin motsin rai don samar da wata ƙwarewa mai ma'ana. Abin sha'awa, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa prefrontal cortex na gefe yana aiki musamman lokacin da aka nemi mutane su kula da tunaninsu da ji, yana nuna muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa a cikin sanin kai da tunani na ciki.
Hasashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ka'idoji da yawa suna ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda za a iya haɗa sani da kuma biyun tunani. Ka'idoji kamar Cognitivism suna jayayya cewa tunanin ɗan adam kamar kwamfuta ne, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin shirye-shirye da "processor" ke aiwatarwa - a wannan yanayin, kwakwalwa.
Duk da haka, amfani da wannan ka'ida ga mahallin sani yana haifar da tambayoyi da yawa. Idan kwakwalwa injina ce da ke gudanar da shirye-shirye, ina sani yake zama? Ta yaya hanyoyin da kwakwalwar zahiri ke gudanarwa ke haifar da ƙwarewar da muke kira "sani"?
Wani sanannen samfurin a wannan fanni shine Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki ta Duniya, wadda Bernard Baars ya gabatar. A cewar wannan ka'ida, sani yana aiki a matsayin "mataki na tsakiya" inda hanyoyin fahimta daban-daban ke fafatawa don samun kulawa. Bayanan da suka yi nasarar "jawo hankali" za a ƙara sarrafa su kuma su zama masu sauƙin samu ga tsarin kula da hankali daban-daban.
Kammalawa
Sani da kuma tunani biyu ra'ayoyi ne masu ban sha'awa da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar yanayin ɗan adam. Duk da cewa mun sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a bincike a fannoni daban-daban don fahimtar yadda sani ke aiki da kuma yadda tunani biyu zai iya bayyana fannoni da yawa na halayen ɗan adam, har yanzu akwai tambayoyi da yawa da za a amsa. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin sani da rashin sani, yadda suke tasiri ga juna, da kuma hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin waɗannan hanyoyin sun kasance asirai masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka cancanci ƙarin bincike.
Ƙarin bincike a waɗannan fannoni biyu ba wai kawai zai samar mana da zurfafan fahimta game da 'su wanene mu' da kuma 'yadda muke aiki ba,' amma kuma zai iya samun fa'idodi masu yawa a fannoni kamar ilimin halayyar asibiti, ilimin halittar kwakwalwa, har ma da fasahar fasahar fasahar wucin gadi ta gaba. Yayin da muke ci gaba da bincike da zurfafa bincike, wata rana za mu iya samun cikakkiyar fahimta game da waɗannan muhimman abubuwan.
