Ka'idar Gaskiya a cikin Ilimin Halitta
Pendahuluan
Ilimin Halittu wani reshe ne na falsafa wanda ke bincika ilimi: menene shi, yadda ake samunsa, iyakokinsa, da kuma yadda za a iya tabbatar da shi. A cikin ilimin Halittu, tattaunawar gaskiya tana da matsayi mai mahimmanci, domin ana fahimtar ilimi gabaɗaya a matsayin imani na gaskiya da gaskiya. Duk da haka, tambayar "me gaskiya ne?" ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Falsafa tana gane ka'idoji daban-daban na gaskiya waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana yanayi ko sharuɗɗan da za a ɗauka a matsayin gaskiya. Waɗannan ka'idoji ba wai kawai ba su da ma'ana ba ne, har ma suna tasiri kan yadda muke kimanta da'awar kimiyya, bayanan yau da kullun, har ma da la'akari da ɗabi'a da siyasa. Wannan labarin yana sake duba manyan ka'idojin gaskiya a cikin ilimin Halittu, ƙarfi da raunin su, da kuma dacewarsu ga tunani mai zurfi.
1. Gaskiya a matsayin wasiƙa (Ka'idar Wasiƙa)
Ka'idar Wasiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin gaskiya mafi kyau da fahimta. Ainihin, magana gaskiya ce idan ta yi daidai da gaskiya ko yanayin duniya. Idan na ce "ruwan sama ne a waje," wannan magana gaskiya ce idan ana ruwan sama a zahiri a duniyar gaske. Don haka, ana ganin gaskiya a matsayin alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe (maganganu) da gaskiya (gaskiya).
Ƙarfin wannan ka'idar yana cikin jituwarta da ayyukan kimiyya da kuma na yau da kullun. Ana iya gwada da'awar gwaji da yawa ta hanyar lura da aunawa. Duk da haka, ka'idar daidaito tana fuskantar matsaloli da yawa. Na farko, ba komai ake tabbatarwa kai tsaye cikin sauƙi ba - misali, kalamai game da abin da ya gabata, duniyar da ba ta da yawa, ko takamaiman abubuwan ka'idoji. Na biyu, ka'idar ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin "gaskiya," wanda kanta ake jayayya a kai: shin gaskiya koyaushe ba ta da tsaka-tsaki, ko kuma tsarin ka'idar da muke amfani da shi ne ke rinjayar su? Duk da haka, ka'idar daidaito ta kasance ka'ida mai ƙarfi, musamman ga ilimin gwaji.
2. Gaskiya a matsayin daidaito (Ka'idar daidaito)
Sabanin ka'idar wasiƙa, wadda ke jaddada alaƙa da duniyar waje, ka'idar haɗin kai ta bayyana cewa magana gaskiya ce idan ta yi daidai kuma ta dace da sauran tsarin imani da muka riga muka yarda da su. Ana auna gaskiya ta hanyar yadda kalmar "ta dace" a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai jituwa ta shawarwari. A wannan hanyar, ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin tsari mai zaman kansa, ba tarin bayanai daban-daban ba.
Ka'idar daidaito tana da amfani wajen bayyana gaskiya a cikin mahallin da ba na gwaji kawai ba, kamar lissafi, dabaru, ko wasu fannoni na ka'idar kimiyya. Misali, sau da yawa ana fahimtar gaskiya a cikin lissafi ta hanyar daidaiton axioms da theorems a cikin tsarin hukuma.
Duk da haka, sukar ka'idar haɗin kai ita ce yiwuwar fahimtar juna : yana yiwuwa tsarin imani fiye da ɗaya ya wanzu wanda yake daidai da juna amma ya saba wa kansa. Idan tsarin biyu sun yi daidai, wanne ne gaskiya? Ba tare da la'akari da gaskiya ba, haɗin kai kaɗai bai isa ya bambanta gaskiya daga daidaiton ciki kawai ba.
3. Ka'idar Gaskiya Mai Aiki
Ka'idar aiki tana auna gaskiya ta hanyar amfaninta. A takaice dai, ana ɗaukar magana gaskiya ce idan ta "yi aiki," tana taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli, kuma tana haifar da sakamako mai kyau a cikin gogewa. Masu tunani masu aiki kamar William James sun jaddada cewa gaskiya ba kawai dangantaka ce mai dorewa tsakanin maganganu da gaskiya ba, amma wani abu ne da ake gwadawa a cikin ayyukan ɗan adam da gogewa.
Ƙarfin wannan ka'ida shine fahimtarta ta gaskiya ga buƙatun rayuwa: mutane suna neman ilimi don yin aiki, kuma sau da yawa ana bayyana gaskiya ta hanyar amfani da ita cikin nasara. Misali, a kimiyya, ana ɗaukar ka'ida mai ƙarfi idan tana iya hangowa da bayyana abubuwan da ke faruwa kuma tana da tasiri a fasaha.
Duk da haka, pragmatism yana fuskantar tambaya: shin "nasara" koyaushe yana da alaƙa da "gaskiya"? Imani na iya zama mai amfani a fannin tunani ko zamantakewa, amma ba ya dace da gaskiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, "amfani" na iya canzawa dangane da mahallin, yana sa ƙa'idodin gaskiya su fi sassauƙa kuma suna haɗarin fahimtar mutum.
4. Gaskiya a matsayin yarjejeniya (Ka'idar Yarjejeniya)
Ka'idar Yarjejeniya, wanda galibi ake dangantawa da masu tunani kamar Jürgen Habermas, yana jaddada cewa ana iya fahimtar gaskiya a matsayin sakamakon yarjejeniya mai ma'ana a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na sadarwa. Magana gaskiya ce idan za a iya kare ta ta hanyar tattaunawa ba tare da tilastawa ba, tare da hujja a bayyane da kuma damar daidaito ga dukkan ɓangarorin.
Abin jan hankalin wannan ka'ida ya ta'allaka ne da muhimmancinta ga fannin zamantakewa na ilimi. Yawancin abin da muke ɗauka a matsayin "gaskiya" an gina shi ne ta hanyar al'ummomi: hanyar kimiyya, ƙa'idodin shaida, da kuma tsarin bita na takwarorinsu misalai ne na yarjejeniya da aka haifa ta hanyar aiki tare. Ka'idar yarjejeniya kuma tana da amfani don fahimtar gaskiya a fannin ƙa'idodi da manufofi, inda yarjejeniyar jama'a ke taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Duk da haka, sukar a bayyane take: yarjejeniya ba koyaushe take tabbatar da gaskiya ba. Yawancin mutane na iya yin kuskure, kuma tarihi ya nuna cewa "gaskiya ta gama gari" da yawa sun ruguje daga baya. Bugu da ƙari, ba kasafai ake cimma kyawawan sharuɗɗan sadarwa ba; gaskiyar zamantakewa tana cike da rashin daidaiton iko da sarrafa bayanai.
5. Gaskiyar rage farashi da kuma gaskiyar ƙarancin farashi (Ka'idar rage farashi/Ka'idar Ƙara farashi)
Ka'idar rage darajar kuɗi ko kuma ta rage darajar kuɗi ta bayyana cewa ra'ayin gaskiya ba ya buƙatar wani bayani mai zurfi game da yanayin tunani. Faɗin "Maganar 'dusar ƙanƙara fari ce' gaskiya ce" a zahiri iri ɗaya ce da faɗin "dusar ƙanƙara fari ce." Kalmar "gaskiya" tana aiki ne kawai a matsayin kayan aiki na harshe don amincewa da, tabbatarwa, ko taƙaita da'awa, ba a matsayin babban abu da ke buƙatar takamaiman ka'ida ba.
Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen guje wa muhawara mai sarkakiya game da yanayin gaskiya. A cikin dabaru da falsafar harshe, ana ɗaukar deflationism da amfani wajen bayyana yadda kalmar "gaskiya" ke aiki ba tare da yin ƙarin zato game da duniya ba.
Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa suna ɗaukar wannan ka'idar a matsayin "mai siriri" kuma bai isa ya magance buƙatun masana ilimin falsafa waɗanda ke neman sharuɗɗa don hujja ba. Idan gaskiya kawai lakabin harshe ne, ta yaya za mu bambanta da'awar gaskiya daga ta ƙarya? A wata ma'anar, deflationism na iya bayyana aikin kalmar "gaskiya," amma ba lallai bane ya ba da jagora don tantance gaskiya.
6. Gaskiya da hujja: dangantaka mara kama da juna
A fannin ilmin lissafi, yana da muhimmanci a bambance tsakanin gaskiya da hujja. Gaskiya ta shafi ko da'awa ta yi daidai da gaskiya ko kuma ta cika wasu ƙa'idodi; hujja ta shafi ko muna da isasshen dalili don gaskata wannan da'awar. Mutum zai iya yarda da wata magana da ta kasance gaskiya, amma ba tare da kyakkyawan dalili ba - misali, zato. Akasin haka, mutum zai iya samun dalilai masu ƙarfi amma ya yi kuskure saboda ƙarancin bayanai da ake da su. Muhawarori na zamani game da ilimin lissafi, gami da matsalar Gettier, sun nuna cewa ba za a iya fahimtar ilimi a matsayin "aminci na gaskiya ba," amma yana buƙatar isasshen hujja wanda ba shi da haɗari.
Saboda haka, ka'idojin gaskiya sau da yawa suna tafiya tare da ka'idojin gaskatawa: empiricism yana jaddada lura, hankali yana jaddada tunani, yayin da hanyoyin zamantakewa ke haskaka ayyukan al'umma da harshe. Gaskiya ta zama manufa, hujjar hanya don cimma hakan.
Muhimmancin ka'idar gaskiya a zamanin bayanai
A zamanin dijital, bayanai suna gudana cikin sauri kuma sau da yawa ba a tace su ba. Ka'idar wasiƙa tana jaddada mahimmancin duba gaskiya da shaidu; ka'idar haɗin kai tana ƙarfafa mu mu tantance daidaiton muhawara; pragmatism yana ƙarfafa mu mu yi la'akari da ainihin tasirin da'awa; ka'idar yarjejeniya ta jaddada mahimmancin tattaunawa tare da tabbatarwa; kuma deflationism yana gargaɗi game da yin amfani da kalmar "gaskiya" ba tare da fahimtar mahallin da aka yi amfani da ita ba. Waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyar, idan aka haɗa su da mahimmanci, na iya samar da kayan aikin ilimi don warware bayanai marasa tushe, farfaganda, da da'awar kimiyya ta ƙarya.
Kammalawa
Ka'idojin gaskiya a fannin ilmin lissafi sun nuna cewa gaskiya ba ra'ayi ɗaya ba ne, mai sauƙin bayyanawa. Ka'idar wasiƙa tana jaddada daidaito ga gaskiya, daidaito tana jaddada daidaito a cikin tsarin imani, aiwatarwa tana daraja inganci a aikace, yarjejeniya tana jaddada yarjejeniya ta hankali ta hanyar sadarwa, kuma deflationism tana ɗaukar "gaskiya" a matsayin aikin harshe. Kowanne yana da fa'idodi da ƙuntatawa nasa. A cikin aiwatar da tunani mai zurfi, hanya mafi hikima ba shine zaɓar ka'ida ɗaya gaba ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka a fahimci lokacin da ka'ida ta fi dacewa. Don haka, ilimin lissafi ba wai kawai muhawara ce ta zahiri ba, amma tanadi ne don rayuwa a matsayin batun tunani, tunani, da alhakin tantance da'awar game da duniya.
