Schopenhauer da Falsafar So
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana falsafa na ƙarni na 19. Tunaninsa ya yi tasiri sosai a fannoni daban-daban, tun daga falsafa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam zuwa fasaha da adabi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ra'ayoyin falsafarsa ita ce manufar "wis," wadda ke aiki a matsayin tushe da cibiyar dukkan ka'idar metaphysical ɗinsa. Wannan labarin zai yi nazari kan falsafar Schopenhauer game da wasiyya, manyan ra'ayoyinta, da tasirinta akan tunanin zamani.
Takaitaccen Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Arthur Schopenhauer a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1788, a Danzig (yanzu Gdańsk, Poland). Mahaifinsa attajiri ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa marubuciya ce. Iliminsa na farko ya karkata ne ga bin sawun mahaifinsa a duniyar kasuwanci, amma bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Schopenhauer ya fi mai da hankali kan karatun ilimi, musamman falsafa.
Ya yi karatu a jami'o'i da dama na Jamus, ciki har da Jami'ar Göttingen da Jami'ar Berlin. A can, ya yi nazarin ayyukan Immanuel Kant , waɗanda suka samar da tushe mai mahimmanci ga tunaninsa na metaphysical. A shekara ta 1818, Schopenhauer ya buga aikinsa mafi shahara, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" (Duniya a matsayin Wasiyya da Wakilta), wanda ya zama rubutu mai mahimmanci a cikin bayaninsa na falsafar wasiyya.
Ra'ayin So a Falsafar Schopenhauer
A cewar Schopenhauer, duniya ta kasu kashi biyu: abubuwan mamaki (duniya a matsayin wakilci) da kuma noumena (duniya kamar yadda ake so).
1. Duniya a Matsayin Wakilci:
A cikin wannan ra'ayi, Schopenhauer ya bi sawun Immanuel Kant wanda ke nuna cewa duniyar da muke gani samfuri ne na fahimtarmu da tsarin fahimta. Duniya a matsayin wakilci ita ce duniya yayin da muke fuskantar ta ta hanyar ikon hankalinmu da hankalinmu. Wannan duniyar an tsara ta ne ta hanyar sarari, lokaci, da dalili - duk nau'ikan da hankali kansa ya ayyana.
2. Duniya a Matsayin Wasiyya:
Mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi a falsafar Schopenhauer shine ra'ayinsa na duniya a matsayin nufinsa. Ya yi jayayya cewa a bayan dukkan wakilci akwai wani ƙarfi na asali da ya kira "nufi." Wannan nufin ba shi da hankali ko ɗabi'a, amma makaho ne kuma makaho ne kuma mai hankali wanda ke ƙarƙashin dukkan abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya.
A cewar Schopenhauer, wannan wasiyya ba wai kawai wani abu ne na halitta kamar yunwa da sha'awa ba, har ma wani abu ne na metaphysical da ke cikin dukkan abubuwa na halitta da abubuwan da suka faru. Wasiyya ita ce ainihin gaskiyar kanta. Misali, itace yana girma kuma yana girma ba wai saboda yana da manufa ba, amma saboda akwai wani abu na metaphysical da ke sa shi girma.
Wahala da Rayuwa
Schopenhauer yana da ra'ayin rashin bege game da rayuwar ɗan adam. A gare shi, rayuwa jerin wahalhalu ne marasa iyaka. Sha'awa tana motsa mutane su ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwa, kuma waɗannan sha'awar suna haifar da wahala. Lokacin da aka cika sha'awa, gamsuwar tana ɗan lokaci ne kawai, kuma sabbin sha'awa suna tasowa nan take, suna haifar da ƙarin wahala.
Ya raba rayuwar ɗan adam zuwa yanayi biyu: yana fama da talauci da kuma yana fama da gajiya. A cikin halin rashin kuɗi, mutane suna fama da rashin iya cika burinsu. Duk da haka, idan aka cika sha'awa, sai gajiya ta taso, wanda hakan ke haifar da sabbin sha'awa, da sauransu.
Maganin Schopenhauer
Duk da ra'ayinsa mai cike da rashin bege, Schopenhauer ya bayar da hanyoyi da dama don shawo kan wahalar da wasiyyar ta haifar:
1. Kayan kwalliya:
Schopenhauer ya yi jayayya cewa fasaha, musamman kiɗa, hanya ce ta 'yantar da kai daga son rai. A cikin kwarewar ado, mutane na iya kaiwa ga matsayin rabuwa daga sha'awa da wahala, koda kuwa na ɗan lokaci ne kawai. A cewar Schopenhauer, kiɗa ita ce mafi kyawun nau'in fasaha domin ba ta wakiltar komai sai yanayin son rai da kanta.
2. Son kai:
Wata hanyar da za a iya guje wa kamawar son rai ita ce ta hanyar son zuciya, ko kuma watsi da sha'awar duniya. Ta hanyar ɗaukar rayuwa mai sauƙi da kuma ƙin jin daɗin duniya, mutum zai iya samun wayewa da rage wahala. Schopenhauer sau da yawa yana magana ne game da koyarwar addinin Gabas kamar Buddha da Hindu, waɗanda ke jaddada mahimmancin barin sha'awa.
3. Soyayya:
A cewar Schopenhauer, tausayi ga sauran halittu masu rai na iya zama hanyar fita daga wahala. Ta hanyar jin tausayi da tausayi, mutane za su iya rage yawan sha'awar da ke mai da hankali kan girman kai da kuma son kai.
Tasirin Schopenhauer
Tunanin Schopenhauer yana da tasiri mai faɗi da zurfi. Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Richard Wagner, har ma da Albert Einstein wasu daga cikin manyan mutane ne da ra'ayoyinsa suka yi tasiri a kansu.
1. Nietzsche:
Duk da cewa daga baya Nietzsche ya ɗauki wata hanya daban a falsafarsa, ayyukan Schopenhauer sun yi masa kwarin gwiwa sosai. Nietzsche ya ɗauki ra'ayoyi da yawa game da wasiyyar amma sai ya ƙara haɓaka shi zuwa "nufin iko."
2. Freud:
Ra'ayoyin Schopenhauer game da nufin da wahala sun yi tasiri sosai kan nazarin tunanin Freud. Ana iya ganin ra'ayoyi kamar id, ego, da superego a matsayin nuni na gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin nufin da gaskiya.
3. Wagner:
Mawakin Jamus Richard Wagner shi ma ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga fahimtar Schopenhauer game da kiɗa a matsayin bayyana nufinsa. Wagner ya ga kiɗa a matsayin wata hanya da za ta iya wuce iyakokin harshe da kuma taɓa ainihin rayuwa.
Kammalawa
Arthur Schopenhauer masanin falsafa ne wanda ya bar babban tabo a tarihin falsafa da tunanin ɗan adam. Falsafarsa ta nufin tana haskaka muhimman fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam waɗanda galibi ake watsi da su, kamar yanayin sha'awa mara ma'ana da kuma yanayin wahala na dindindin.
Duk da ra'ayoyinsa na rashin bege, Schopenhauer ya bayar da hanyoyi ga mutane su sami 'yanci daga wahala ta hanyar fasaha, son kai, da tausayi. Ana ci gaba da karanta da nazarin ayyukansa, wanda ke tabbatar da dacewa da tsawon rai na tunaninsa a duniyar yau.
Falsafar Schopenhauer ta nufin ba wai kawai wani sabon yanayi ne a fannin ilimin metaphysics ba, har ma madubi ne da ke tilasta mana mu kalli kanmu mu yi tambaya game da zurfafan dalilan ayyukanmu da sha'awarmu. Wannan shine gadon da ya sanya Arthur Schopenhauer ya zama mutum mai muhimmanci a tarihin tunanin ɗan adam.
