Shari'ar Friedrich Nietzsche ta Ɗabi'a
Friedrich Nietzsche, wani masanin falsafa na Jamus na ƙarni na 19, yana da matsayi na musamman da ke kawo cece-kuce a tarihin falsafa. Tare da ayyuka kamar "Those Speaked Zarathustra," "Beyond Good and Evil," da "The Genealogy of Morals," Nietzsche ya gabatar da ƙalubalen ɗabi'a wanda ya girgiza tushen ɗabi'un Yammacin duniya na gargajiya. Wannan labarin zai bincika yadda tunanin Nietzsche ke wakiltar ƙalubale ga ɗabi'un gargajiya da kuma yadda ra'ayoyinsa suka ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar sabbin ɗabi'u waɗanda aka haifa daga "nufin iko."
Mutuwar Allah
Domin fahimtar ƙalubalen ɗabi'a na Nietzsche, yana da mahimmanci a fara da manufar "mutuwar Allah," ɗaya daga cikin jigon tunaninsa. A cikin "Kimiyyar Luwaɗi," Nietzsche ya rubuta da kyau, "Allah ya mutu. Allah ya kasance matacce. Kuma mun kashe shi." Wannan ba magana ce ta tauhidi ba game da mutuwar Allah ta zahiri, amma a maimakon haka yarda cewa tushen al'ada na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a, waɗanda aka kafa a cikin Kiristanci, sun ruguje a zamanin wayewa da zamani.
Wannan sauyi yana nuna rikicin ɗabi'u, inda al'umma ba za ta iya dogara ga ikon Allah don jagorancin ɗabi'a ba. A rashin Allah, Nietzsche ya yi wata muhimmiyar tambaya: Menene tushen ɗabi'unmu a yau? Ta yaya ya kamata mu rayu a wannan duniyar ta rashin imani?
Ɗabi'ar Bawa vs Ɗabi'ar Jagora
Nietzsche ya zurfafa zurfafa cikin sabani tsakanin ɗabi'a ta hanyar ra'ayoyin "ɗabi'ar bayi " da "ɗabi'ar jagoranci." Ya yi jayayya cewa manyan ɗabi'un ɗabi'a a cikin al'ummar Yamma sun samo asali ne daga abin da ya kira ɗabi'ar bayi. Wannan ɗabi'ar, Nietzsche ya yi jayayya, ta samo asali ne daga ƙiyayya (jin haushi) na mutanen da suka raunana kuma aka zalunta a tarihi. Ɗabi'u kamar tawali'u, tausayi, da gafara sune hanyoyin da suke bi wajen jurewa da kuma ɗaukar fansar rashin iyawarsu na bayyana ƙarfi.
Sabanin haka, ɗabi'ar shugaba ita ce tsarin ɗabi'ar da yake ɗauka. Wannan ɗabi'ar ta samo asali ne daga ƙarfi, 'yancin kai, da kuma son mamayewa. Ɗabi'u kamar girmamawa, jarumtaka, da alfahari su ne halayen wannan ɗabi'ar. Nietzsche ya yaba wa ɗabi'ar shugaba a matsayin wata hanya mafi gaskiya da daraja ta bayyana nufin ɗan adam.
So ga Ƙarfi
A tsakiyar tunanin Nietzsche na ɗabi'a shine ra'ayin "nufin iko" (der Wille zur Macht). Nietzsche ya ga wannan nufin ba wai kawai a cikin siyasa ko na zahiri ba, amma a matsayin ƙa'idar metaphysical da ta ginu a kan dukkan rayuwa. Duk rayuwa, mai rai ko mara rai, tana faruwa ne ta hanyar sha'awar tabbatarwa, faɗaɗawa, da ƙarfafa kanta.
A cikin yanayin ɗabi'a, wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne ɗan adam ya ƙirƙiri nasa ɗabi'un bisa ga son iko. Nietzsche ya ƙi cikakken ɗabi'a, yana mai la'akari da shi a matsayin ruɗani wanda ke kawo cikas ga kerawa da kuzarin rayuwar ɗan adam. Dole ne a ƙirƙiri ɗabi'u ta hanyar tunani, a matsayin bayyanar ikon mutum ɗaya.
Ubermensch: Babban Mutum
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da suka nuna ƙalubalen ɗabi'a na Nietzsche shine ra'ayin "Ubermensch," ko "superman." Nietzsche ya yi tunanin Ubermensch a matsayin mutum mai iya ketare iyakokin ɗabi'a na gargajiya da kuma rashin imani. Ubermensch mahalicci ne mai ƙima, wanda ke amfani da ikon da ke ciki kuma yana gabatar da shi cikin duniya a matsayin ƙa'idar sabuwar hanyar rayuwa.
Nietzsche ya yi jayayya cewa Ubermensch yana ba da daidaito ga rashin Allah da kuma cikakkiyar dabi'u. Ta hanyar tsara dabi'unsu, Ubermensch suna ƙirƙirar ma'ana daga rashin komai na nihilistic kuma, a cikin wannan tsari, suna samun 'yanci na gaske.
Dawowa Madawwami: Zagaye Mara Iyaka
Domin tallafawa mahimmancin ƙirƙirar sabbin dabi'u da rayuwa ba tare da na gargajiya ba, Nietzsche ya gabatar da manufar "dawowa ta har abada" (die ewige Wiederkehr). Wannan hasashe ya bayyana cewa komai yana maimaita kansa ba tare da wani lokaci ba a cikin zagayowar da ba ta ƙarewa. Nietzsche yana amfani da wannan ra'ayin don gayyatar zurfin tunani na falsafa: ta yaya za ku rayu rayuwarku idan kun san kowace lokaci za ta maimaita kanta har abada?
Wannan tambayar tana ƙarfafa mutane su rayu cikin gaskiya kuma su ɗauki alhakin ayyukansu. Ta hanyar la'akari da yiwuwar zagayowar rayuwa ta har abada, ana sa ran mutane su yi tunani a kan kowane fanni na rayuwarsu don su ji daɗi da kuma tabbatar da wanzuwarsu, ba tare da ɗaurewa da ɗabi'a ta al'ada ba.
Tasiri da Suka
Duk da cewa Nietzsche ya rubuta da sha'awa mai ban mamaki, ra'ayoyinsa ba su da suka. Wasu 'yan adawa sun ga cewa ra'ayin "nufin iko" za a iya amfani da shi ba daidai ba don ba da hujjar tashin hankali da mamayewa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu sun ɗauki ra'ayin Ubermensch a matsayin mai son kai da kuma ware mutane, yana raba mutane zuwa tsarin da aka ɗauka cewa kaɗan ne kawai suka cancanci "zama ƙari."
Duk da haka, tasirin Nietzsche a fannoni daban-daban kamar falsafa, adabi, fasaha, har ma da ilimin halayyar zamani ba za a iya musantawa ba. Ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyi don sake tunani game da ɗabi'a, yadda muke rayuwa, da kuma abin da ya ƙunshi tushen ɗabi'unmu.
Penutup
Kalubalen ɗabi'a na Friedrich Nietzsche ƙalubale ne ga dabi'un da ake ɗauka da wasa a cikin al'ummar gargajiya. Ta hanyar sukar da ya yi wa ɗabi'ar bayi, fafutukar kare ɗabi'ar ma'aikaci, da ra'ayoyin son iko da kuma Übermensch, Nietzsche yana ƙarfafa mutane su nemi da kuma ƙirƙirar dabi'un kansu cikin 'yanci. Duk da cewa ra'ayoyin Nietzsche suna da mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawar zamani game da ɗabi'a, 'yanci, da ma'anar rayuwa . A cikin duniyar canji koyaushe, tunanin Nietzsche yana ba da tushe don ƙalubale, tunani, da kuma sake fasalin kanmu.
