Postmodernism da Sukar Ra'ayi
Pendahuluan
Postmodernism wata ƙungiya ce ta tunani wadda ta fara samun kulawa sosai a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma ta shiga fannoni daban-daban kamar fasaha, gine-gine, adabi, da falsafa. A fakaice dai, postmodernism martani ne ga, kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa, suka ga zamani, wanda aka siffanta shi da imani da hankali, ci gaba mai layi, da kuma daidaiton kimiyya. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu binciki yadda postmodernism ke sukar hankali da kuma tasirin wannan suka ga fahimtarmu game da ilimi, gaskiya, da gaskiya.
Ra'ayin Ra'ayi a Ra'ayin Zamani
Tsarin tunani, tushen tunani na zamani, shine imani da cewa ilimi ana samunsa ne ta hanyar hankali da tunani, maimakon ta hanyar gogewar ji. Masana falsafa kamar René Descartes, Immanuel Kant, da sauransu da yawa sun kafa tushe mai ma'ana don fahimtar duniya, suna sanya hankali a matsayin hanya mafi aminci ta cimma gaskiyar kimiyya.
Zamanin zamani ya samo asali ne daga wayewar kai, wani lokaci a tarihin Yamma wanda ya jaddada muhimmancin kimiyya, dabaru, da hankali a matsayin hanyar samun ilimi da ci gaba. A ƙarƙashin tasirin zamani, an samu manyan nasarori da yawa a kimiyya da fasaha, kuma an ƙara amincewa da ikon ɗan adam na fahimtar da kuma sarrafa sararin samaniya.
Sukar Postmodernism game da Hankali
A gefe guda kuma, bayan zamani, ya fito a matsayin suka game da dogaro da hankali da kuma daidaito. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka yi wannan suka sun haɗa da:
1. Kin Amincewa da Babban Labari
Jean-François Lyotard, wani muhimmin mutum a cikin tunanin postmodern, ya yi jayayya cewa postmodernism ana siffanta shi da "rashin amincewa da meta-labari" ko "babban labari." Manyan labarai bayanai ne masu faɗi waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana dukkan fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam, kamar gurguzu, jari-hujja, har ma da kimiyya kanta. Postmodernism ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan manyan labaran suna sauƙaƙa rikitarwa na gaskiya kuma sau da yawa suna yin watsi da ko kuma suna ɓata wasu ra'ayoyi.
2. Dangantakar Epistemological
Bayan zamani ya ƙi da'awar cewa akwai hanya ɗaya tilo da ta dace ko mafi kyau ta fahimtar duniya. Madadin haka, yana jaddada yawan ilimin falsafa, ra'ayin cewa hanyoyi daban-daban na sanin duniya (gami da labaran gida ko na mutum ɗaya) suna da daidaito iri ɗaya. Wannan ya bambanta da hankali, wanda ke neman gaskiya ta duniya da ta zahiri.
3. Rufe Gini
Jacques Derrida, wani muhimmin mutum a cikin postmodernism, ya gabatar da manufar deconstruction. Ta hanyar deconstruction, postmodernism yana ƙoƙarin bayyana cewa rubutu da labarai—kamar ra'ayoyin masu hankali—koyaushe suna da ma'anoni marasa tabbas da masu karo da juna. Deconstruction yana ƙalubalantar da'awar cewa ma'ana na iya zama tabbatacciya kuma tabbatacce, yana wargaza imani da hankali a matsayin hanyar cimma cikakkiyar gaskiya.
4. Sukar Kimiyya Mai Ma'ana
Bayanan Zamani sun soki ikirarin cewa kimiyya gaskiya ce kuma ba ta da dabi'un al'adu da kuma ra'ayin mutum. Kimiyya, a ra'ayin bayan zamani, tana ɗaya daga cikin labarai da yawa kuma ba za ta iya 'yantar da kanta gaba ɗaya daga tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu ba. Michel Foucault ya nuna yadda kimiyya galibi ake canza ta da iko kuma ana amfani da ita don ci gaba da wanzuwar wasu tsarin iko.
Ma'anar Sukar Zamani
Sukar da aka yi wa Postmodernism game da hankali yana da ma'anoni da dama masu muhimmanci, musamman a fannin falsafa, kimiyya, da al'adu.
1. Sake Bayyana Gaskiya
Idan gaskiya ba ta cikakkiya ba ce kuma ana iya samunta ta hanyar hankali kawai, to muna buƙatar sake fayyace abin da muke nufi da gaskiya. Wannan yana buɗe sarari ga wasu nau'ikan ilimi waɗanda a da ake ɗaukar su a matsayin haramtattu, kamar ilimin gargajiya, gogewa ta zahiri, da labaran tsiraru.
2. Fahimtar Juna
Ta hanyar jaddada bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin al'adu daban-daban, tsarin zamani yana ƙarfafa mu mu fahimci kuma mu daraja ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Wannan ya zama mai dacewa a cikin mahallin duniya da kuma ƙaruwar hulɗa tsakanin al'adu daban-daban da tsarin ƙima.
3. Tasiri Mai Muhimmanci Kan Kimiyya da Fasaha
Sukar kimiyya game da daidaiton ra'ayi yana tilasta mana mu ƙara suka kan yadda ake amfani da ilimi da kuma samar da shi. Tambayoyi game da wanda ke samar da ilimi, wa, da kuma waɗanne dalilai ne suka zama masu mahimmanci. Wannan kuma yana haifar da tunani mai zurfi kan ɗabi'un amfani da fasaha da kimiyya.
Kammalawa
Tsarin zamani na zamani ya bayar da suka mai tsanani kan ra'ayin hankali, yana nuna iyaka da matsaloli a cikin ikirarin rashin daidaito da gaskiyar duniya baki daya. Duk da cewa wannan sukar na iya zama kamar abin da ke kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya, yana kuma bude sarari ga tsarin ilimi mai hadewa da yawa. A tsakiyar kalubalen duniya da ke kara rikitarwa, wataƙila lokaci ya yi da za mu sake kimanta imaninmu na gargajiya da kuma bude kanmu ga sabbin hanyoyin fahimtar duniya.
Sukar da Postmodernism ta yi wa hankali tana gayyatarmu mu fayyace muhimman zato da muke da su da kuma fahimtar sarkakiyar fahimta, bambancin ra'ayi, da kuma wadatar da ɗan adam ke da ita. A cikin wannan zamani na irin waɗannan bayanai da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, wataƙila lokaci ya yi da za mu wuce iyakokin da hankali ya sanya mu bi hanyar fahimtar fahimta ta gaba ɗaya da ta mahallin.
