Ra'ayoyin Falsafa na David Hume kan Ƙarfin Juna
David Hume, wani masanin falsafa ɗan Scotland na ƙarni na 18, ya kasance babban mutum a cikin al'adar falsafa mai zurfi. Empiricism kanta wata makaranta ce ta falsafa da ke jaddada cewa ilimi yana fitowa ne daga ƙwarewar ji. A cikin shahararrun ayyukansa, "A Treatise of Human Nature" da "An Enquiry About Human Understanding," Hume ya yi cikakken bayani game da yadda kwarewa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ilimi, da kuma ma'anoni daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi.
Ilimin Halittar Hume
Babban abin da ke cikin ra'ayin Hume mai zurfi shi ne ra'ayinsa cewa duk ra'ayoyinmu sun fito ne daga "ra'ayoyi," wato abubuwan da muka fuskanta kai tsaye ta hanyar hankalinmu. A cewar Hume, tunanin ɗan adam a zahiri wani abu ne mai kama da tabula rasa (babu komai) wanda ke cike da gogewa. Lokacin da muka fara gani, ji, ƙamshi, ko ɗanɗana wani abu, muna samun ra'ayoyi. Daga waɗannan ra'ayoyi, ra'ayoyi suna samuwa.
A cikin "Bincike Game da Fahimtar Dan Adam," Hume ya bambanta tsakanin "ra'ayoyi" da "ra'ayoyi." Ra'ayoyi suna da ƙarfi, bayyanannu, kuma suna da kwarewa kai tsaye, yayin da ra'ayoyi ba su da ƙarfi, ba su da haske ko kuma suna nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin. Misali, lokacin da muka gani kuma muka riƙe apple, muna da ra'ayi game da shi. Duk da haka, idan muka tuna apple daga baya, muna da ra'ayi game da shi.
Hume ya ƙara da cewa duk wani ra'ayi, komai rikitarwarsa, za a iya raba shi zuwa ra'ayoyi masu sauƙi. Misali, ra'ayin "doki mai fikafikai" haɗuwa ce ta ra'ayin doki da kuma ra'ayin fikafikai. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙirƙirar ɗan adam wajen samar da sabbin ra'ayoyi a zahiri yana iyakance ne ga haɗa, wargazawa, da kuma gyara ra'ayoyin da aka taɓa gani a baya.
Ka'idar Dalili
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gudummawar da Hume ya bayar ga juyin halitta shine ra'ayinsa game da ka'idar dalili. A cikin ra'ayoyin falsafa na baya, ana ɗaukar dalili a matsayin wata alaƙa ta musamman tsakanin dalili da sakamako. Duk da haka, Hume ya ƙalubalanci wannan zato ta hanyar jayayya cewa abin da muke ɗauka a matsayin alaƙar dalili a zahiri sakamakon ɗabi'a ne ko kuma maimaita gogewa.
Misali, idan muka ga ƙwallon biliyard ɗaya ta buga ƙwallon biliyard biyu da kuma ƙwallon biliyard ta biyu ta motsa, mukan ce ƙwallon farko ta haifar da motsin ƙwallon ta biyu. Duk da haka, Hume ya yi jayayya cewa ba ma ganin "lalacewar" kanta a zahiri; muna ganin jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa ne kawai a jere. Saboda haka, lalacewar, a cewar Hume, ba dangantaka ce da ta zama dole ba, amma dai wata fahimta ce da tunaninmu ya yi bisa ga abubuwan da aka lura akai-akai.
Wannan ra'ayi yana da ma'ana mai zurfi game da yadda muke fahimtar dokokin yanayi da ilimin kimiyya. Idan dokokin yanayi kawai halaye ne da suka dogara da lura akai-akai, to babu wani tabbacin ma'ana cewa waɗannan dokokin za su ci gaba da kasancewa daidai a nan gaba. Wannan shine tushen shakkun Hume game da ilimin kimiyya; duk da haka, Hume bai ƙi aikin kimiyya ba, amma yana ƙarfafa mu mu yi taka tsantsan lokacin da muke yanke shawara bisa ga ƙwarewar gwaji.
Sukar Ka'idar Shigar da Mutum
Hume kuma ya shahara da sukar da yake yi wa ƙa'idar induction, wato hanyar zana ƙarshe gabaɗaya daga wasu takamaiman abubuwan da aka lura. Misali, idan muka lura cewa rana tana fitowa a gabas kowace safiya, za mu yanke hukuncin cewa koyaushe za ta fito a gabas. A cewar Hume, wannan ƙarshe ba shi da hujja mai ma'ana.
Ga Hume, ƙa'idar induction ba ta da tabbas kwata-kwata ta hanyar hankali. Idan muka lura da kofi ɗaya na shayi wanda yake da ɗanɗano mai zafi akai-akai, za mu iya yanke hukuncin cewa duk shayin yana da zafi. Duk da haka, wannan ya dogara ne kawai akan gogewa ta baya ba garantin ma'ana ba. Don haka, ƙarshe gabaɗaya bisa ga induction kawai yana da yuwuwar, ba tabbas ba ne.
Sukar da Hume ya yi game da induction yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga hanyoyin kimiyya, inda induction ya zama ruwan dare. Hume bai yi niyyar dakatar da amfani da induction ba, amma sukar da ya yi ta tunatar da mu iyakokin hanyar inductive da kuma muhimmancin sanin kai wajen da'awar ilimin kimiyya.
Matsalolin Shaidar Ma'aikata
Wani ɓangare na falsafar Hume da ya kamata a tattauna shi ne ra'ayinsa game da asalin mutum. Hume ya yi shakkar ra'ayin cewa akwai "kai" mai dorewa kuma mai ɗorewa. Ga Hume, lokacin da muka yi ƙoƙarin yin tunani a kan kanmu, muna samun jerin ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi masu canzawa kawai, kamar zafi, jin daɗi, tunani, da motsin rai. Babu "kai" na dindindin amma tarin gogewa na mutum ɗaya ne kawai.
Wannan ra'ayi, ba shakka, ya bambanta da fahimtar da aka saba da ita game da asalin mutum, wanda ke ganin kai a matsayin wani abu mai tsari da ci gaba. Hume yana ƙarfafa mu mu ƙara yin shakku game da ra'ayin "Ni" mai tsayayye, maimakon haka mu yi la'akari da asalin mutum a matsayin sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Ɗabi'a da Jin Daɗi
Wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da ra'ayin Hume shine ra'ayinsa game da ɗabi'a. Ba kamar magabatansa ba, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa ɗabi'a ta dogara ne akan hankali ko dokar Allah, Hume ya yi jayayya cewa ɗabi'a tana da alaƙa da ra'ayi ko ji na ɗan adam. A cewar Hume, hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a suna samo asali ne daga jin daɗin ko rashin jin daɗin da muke fuskanta game da wasu ayyuka.
Hume ya yi jayayya cewa hankali kaɗai ba zai iya zama tushen ayyukan ɗabi'a ba. Hankali zai iya samar da bayanai kawai game da gaskiya amma ba zai iya samar da kwarin gwiwa don aiki ba. Madadin haka, ji ko ji shine babban abin da ke motsa mu mu yi aiki da ɗabi'a. Wannan yana nuna cewa ɗabi'a, a ra'ayin Hume, ta fi son rai da motsin rai fiye da manufa da hankali.
Kammalawa
David Hume ya bayar da wani ra'ayi mai zurfi na falsafa game da ilimin lissafi wanda ya yi nasarar kawo sauyi kan yadda muke fahimtar ilimi, dalili, asalin mutum, da ɗabi'a. Ta hanyar jaddada kwarewa a matsayin tushen ilimi, Hume ya samar da tushe mai ƙarfi ga ilimin lissafi yayin da yake ƙalubalantar zato da yawa da ba a yarda da su ba a baya . Ta hanyar shakku mai zurfi, Hume ba wai kawai ya wadatar da al'adar ilimin lissafi ba, har ma ya samar da hangen nesa mai zurfi da tunani kan iyakoki da yuwuwar ilimin ɗan adam.
Saboda haka, ra'ayoyin falsafa na Hume game da ilimin lissafi suna da mahimmanci a yau, suna gayyatarmu mu kasance masu taka tsantsan da kuma yin taka tsantsan wajen tantance tushe da ingancin iliminmu. A matsayinmu na mai cikakken ilimin lissafi, David Hume yana ƙarfafa mu mu koma ga ƙwarewa a matsayin babban tushen gina fahimtarmu game da duniya.
