Menene Falsafar Nazarin Nazari?
Falsafar nazari tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'adu a falsafar zamani waɗanda ke jaddada haske, juriyar jayayya, da kuma nazarin harshe a matsayin kayan aikin farko don warware ko fayyace matsalolin falsafa. Wannan al'ada ta bunƙasa a duniyar da ke jin Turanci—musamman a Burtaniya, Amurka, Kanada, da Ostiraliya—kuma ta yi tasiri sosai a fannin falsafar ilimi a duk faɗin ƙarni na 20 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa yau. Duk da haka, falsafar nazari ba wai kawai "falsafa ce a Turanci" ba; salon falsafa ce da aka siffanta ta da wata hanya ta aiki: gina muhawara cikin tsari, bincika zato na ɓoye, bambance ma'anar ra'ayoyi, da amfani da dabaru don gwada ko ƙarshe ya biyo baya daga tushensa.
Babban Halaye na Falsafar Nazari
Da farko, falsafar nazari tana fifita hujjoji bayyanannu. Falsafar nazari yawanci tana ƙoƙarin bayyana hujjoji bayyanannu sannan ta nuna matakan tunani waɗanda ke haɗa hujjojin da ƙarshe. Manufar ita ce mai karatu ya tantance ko hujjojin sun yi daidai, ko hujjojin sun yi daidai, da kuma ko akwai wasu hanyoyi mafi kyau.
Na biyu, wannan al'ada tana da ƙarfi wajen amfani da dabaru. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, dabaru na alama sun bunƙasa cikin sauri, suna samar da sabbin kayan aiki don tattauna ingancin muhawara. Saboda haka, ayyukan falsafar nazari da yawa suna amfani da ra'ayoyi kamar shawarwari, fahimta, daidaito, da sabani don gwada da'awa. Duk da cewa ba duk masana falsafar nazari ke rubutu da alamomin lissafi ba, ruhin "tsauraran ra'ayi" yana da halaye.
Na uku, falsafar nazari sau da yawa tana mai da hankali kan nazarin harshe da ra'ayoyi. Matsalolin falsafa da yawa suna tasowa ne daga ruɗani na ma'ana: ana amfani da kalma ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ko kuma jumla ta yi kama da ma'ana amma ba ta da tabbas. Ta hanyar bambance tsakanin amfani da kalmomi a cikin mahallin, bincika ma'anoni, da kuma bincika tsarin jimla, falsafar nazari tana fatan fayyace al'amura. A wasu lokuta, musamman a farkon ƙarni na 20, wannan hanyar ta haɓɓaka ra'ayin cewa wasu matsalolin metaphysical na gargajiya a zahiri na harshe ne kawai.
Na huɗu, falsafar nazari tana da alaƙa da rashin tabbas da kuma rashin faɗin magana. Salon rubutunta yawanci yana kai tsaye, "zuwa ga ma'ana," kuma yana neman guje wa maganganun waƙa waɗanda ke da wahalar gwadawa. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa falsafar nazari tana ƙin zurfafa ba; kawai tana buƙatar a tabbatar da wannan zurfin ta hanyar jayayya.
Tushen Tarihi da Saitunan Fitowa
Falsafar nazari gabaɗaya ana gano ta ne tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a matsayin martani ga mamayar ra'ayin kirkire-kirkire (musamman Hegelian) a Ingila da Turai. Mutane biyu da ake yawan ambaton su a matsayin majagaba sune Gottlob Frege, masanin dabaru na Jamus, da Bertrand Russell da G.E. Moore a Ingila.
Frege ya ƙirƙiro dabaru na zamani da kuma ka'idar ma'ana wadda ta bambanta tsakanin "hankali" da "tunani," wanda daga baya ya zama tushen falsafar harshe. Russell ya shahara da ka'idar bayaninsa, wadda ta nuna yadda nazarin ma'ana zai iya magance matsalar jimlolin da suka yi kama da suna nufin wani abu da ba haka ba. A gefe guda kuma, Moore ya jaddada nazarin ma'ana da kuma kare hankali, yana ƙin hasashen metaphysical wanda ya yi nisa da gogewar yau da kullun.
Bayan wannan lokacin farko, al'adar nazari ta bunƙasa ta hanyar wasu muhimman "raƙuman ruwa," ciki har da ra'ayin tunani mai kyau a Vienna (Vienna Circle), wanda ya nemi haɗa falsafa da kimiyya. Sun gabatar da ƙa'idar tabbatarwa: magana tana da ma'ana idan za a iya tabbatar da ita ta hanyar gwaji ko kuma gaskiya ce ta ma'ana/lissafi. Duk da cewa daga baya an soki wannan ra'ayi sosai, ruhinsa - wanda ya sa falsafar ta fi tsauri da kusanci da hanyar kimiyya - ya taimaka wajen tsara fuskar falsafar nazari.
Falsafar Harshe, Hankali, da Kimiyya
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da falsafar nazari ta bayar shine fitowar falsafar harshe a matsayin babban fanni. Mutane kamar Ludwig Wittgenstein (musamman aikinsa na farko, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus) sun ga cewa tsarin harshe yana da alaƙa da tsarin duniya, kuma matsaloli da yawa na falsafa sun samo asali ne daga rashin fahimtar ma'anar harshe. A cikin matakinsa na ƙarshe, Wittgenstein ya canza salon magana ya kuma jaddada "wasannin harshe": ma'anar kalmomi ya dogara ne akan amfani da su a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa. Muhawarar da ke tsakanin waɗannan matakai biyu na Wittgenstein ta nuna cewa falsafar nazari ba ta haɗu ba; tana da ƙarfi kuma tana canzawa.
Baya ga harshe, wani babban fanni shine falsafar tunani. Ana tattaunawa sosai kan tambayoyi game da menene sani, yadda kwakwalwa da tunani suke da alaƙa, da kuma ko kwamfutoci za su iya "tunani". Al'adar nazari sau da yawa tana haɗa kai da ilimin halayyar fahimta, ilimin jijiyoyi, da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ka'idoji kamar su halayyar ɗan adam, aikin aiki, har ma da muhawara game da qualia sun bunƙasa a cikin wannan yanayi.
A cikin falsafar kimiyya, hanyar nazari tana nazarin tsarin bayanin kimiyya, manufar dalili, ka'idar tabbatarwa, da kuma matsayin gaskiyar kimiyya. Tattaunawa da yawa kuma suna shafar yiwuwar, fahimta, da kuma hanyar kimiyya, wanda hakan ke sanya su dacewa da aikin masana kimiyya.
Metaphysics da Ɗabi'a a cikin Al'adar Nazari
An ce falsafar nazari tana ƙin ilimin metaphysics, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne gaba ɗaya. Hakika, a zamanin ilimin ma'ana, sau da yawa ana watsi da ilimin metaphysics a matsayin "mara ma'ana." Duk da haka, tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an farfaɗo da ilimin metaphysics a cikin tsari mafi tsari. Masana falsafa kamar Saul Kripke sun haifar da farfaɗo da ilimin metaphysics na zamani (yiwuwa da buƙata), suna tattauna asali, asali, da kuma yiwuwar duniyoyi ta amfani da kayan aikin dabaru na zamani.
A cikin ɗabi'a, falsafar nazari tana haɓaka ilimin lissafi (binciken ma'anar "kyakkyawa," "daidai," da "ya kamata"), ka'idojin ƙa'ida (utilitarianism, deontology, contraualism), da kuma ɗabi'un da aka yi amfani da su (bioethics, ethics of technology). Tattaunawa game da ɗabi'un nazari yawanci yana jaddada bambancin ra'ayi , daidaiton ƙa'idodi, da jayayya waɗanda mai hulɗa zai iya gwadawa.
Bambance-bambance da Falsafar Nahiyar
Falsafar nazari sau da yawa ana bambanta ta da al'adun falsafar nahiyar (misali, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, structuralism, post-structualism), waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a Faransa da Jamus a ƙarni na 20. Sau da yawa ana sauƙaƙe bambancin kamar haka: falsafar nazari tana jaddada jayayya ta hankali da harshe bayyananne, yayin da falsafar nahiyar ke jaddada tarihi, fassarar, gogewa ta rayuwa, da sukar al'adu. Duk da haka, wannan bambanci ba cikakke ba ne. Masana falsafa da yawa a yau suna ƙoƙarin cike gibin da ke tsakanin su biyun, kuma akwai batutuwa (misali, sani, ɗabi'a, siyasa) waɗanda al'adun biyu ke magancewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban amma masu dacewa.
Me yasa Falsafar Nazarin Nazari take da Muhimmanci?
Falsafar nazari tana da mahimmanci domin tana ba da ilimin tunani mai amfani sosai: hanyar gwada muhawara, fahimtar ma'ana, da kuma kimanta da'awa akai-akai. A cikin duniyar jama'a cike da muhawara mai sauri, bayanai marasa tushe, da maganganu, ƙwarewar nazari tana taimaka mana mu yi tambaya: "Menene ainihin abin da ake faɗa?", "Menene shaidar?", "Shin ƙarshen ya biyo baya?", da "Akwai wasu zato da aka ɓoye waɗanda ke da matsala?" Ko da mutum bai zama masanin falsafa ba, hanyoyin da halayen ilimi da aka haɓaka a cikin al'adar nazari na iya ƙarfafa tunani mai zurfi.
A lokaci guda kuma, falsafar nazari ta fuskanci suka: wasu sun yi jayayya cewa al'adar ta yi yawa a fannin fasaha, ta fi mai da hankali kan wasannin harshe, ko kuma ba ta magance muhimman tambayoyi game da wanzuwa da zamantakewa ba. Waɗannan sukar sun taimaka wajen ci gaban al'adar nazari kanta, gami da ƙoƙarin sanya falsafa ta fi dacewa da batutuwan jama'a kamar adalci, jinsi, launin fata, fasaha, da muhalli.
Penutup
Falsafar nazari, to, al'ada ce ta falsafa wadda ke jaddada haske, juriyar jayayya, da kuma nazarin ra'ayi—sau da yawa ta hanyar dabaru da nazarin harshe—don fahimtar muhimman tambayoyi game da ilimi, gaskiya, hankali, ɗabi'a, da kimiyya. Tana da dogon tarihi, fitattun mutane, da kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi akan falsafar ilimi ta zamani. Duk da cewa salonta da mayar da hankali kan ta ya bambanta da sauran al'adu, falsafar nazari ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri wajen yin falsafa: ba ta hanyar dogaro da magana ba, amma ta hanyar gwada ra'ayoyi ta hanyar hujja mai kyau.
Idan kana so, zan iya ƙirƙirar sigar da ta fi shahara ta labarin (harshe mai sauƙi), ko sigar ilimi mai jerin lambobi da kuma karatun da aka ba da shawarar.
