Amasu Okucubungula Idatha Okuhlola Ukusebenzisa Izibalo Eziyisisekelo
Ucwaningo lungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuqoqa idatha evela kubaphenduli, kungaba ucwaningo lwezemfundo, ukuhlolwa kwezinsizakalo, ucwaningo lwemakethe, noma ukwenza izinqumo zenhlangano. Kodwa-ke, idatha yocwaningo ayinalutho uma ingacutshungulwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Yilapho izibalo eziyisisekelo zisebenza khona: ukusiza abacwaningi ukufingqa idatha, ukuhlonza amaphethini, ukuhlola izitayela, nokufinyelela iziphetho zokuqala nezilinganisekayo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu okucubungula idatha yocwaningo kusetshenziswa izibalo eziyisisekelo, kusukela ekulungiseleleni idatha kuya ekuchazeni imiphumela.
1. Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zedatha Yocwaningo
Isinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokucubungula idatha ukuqonda uhlobo lwedatha eqoqwayo. Ngokuvamile, idatha yocwaningo ingafaka:
1. Idatha yesigaba (yekhwalithi)
Izibonelo: ubulili, ukukhetha komkhiqizo, isimo somsebenzi. Le datha ivame ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa amaza kanye namaphesenti.
2. Idatha ejwayelekile
Izibonelo: isikali sokwaneliseka (anginelisekile kakhulu–nganelisekile kakhulu), izinga lokuvumelana (angivumelani nhlobo–ngiyavuma kakhulu). Idatha ejwayelekile inohlelo, kodwa ibanga phakathi kwezigaba alifani ngempela.
3. Idatha yezinombolo (eningi)
Izibonelo: ubudala, imali engenayo, inani lokuthenga. Le datha ingahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulinganisa ukuthambekela okuphakathi, ukuhlakazeka, kanye nezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuqonda izikali zokulinganisa (okujwayelekile, okujwayelekile, okuphakathi, isilinganiso) kubalulekile ngoba kunquma amasu afanele ezibalo kanye nendlela yokwethula imiphumela.
2. Isigaba Sokulungiselela: Ukuhlela Nokuhlanza Idatha
Idatha yocwaningo ivame ukuba namaphutha, ukuphindaphindwa, noma izimpendulo ezingaguquki. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo ezimbili ezibalulekile ziyadingeka:
a. Ukuhlela
Hlola ukuphelela nokuvumelana kwezimpendulo zomphenduli. Isibonelo, uma iminyaka yomphenduli ingu-8 kodwa isimo sakhe somsebenzi "siyisisebenzi," lokhu kudinga ukubuyekezwa.
b. Ukuhlanza
Hlanza idatha kusuka ku:
– Idatha engekho (amanani angekho): abaphenduli abazange baphendule eminye imibuzo.
– Okungaphandle: inani elibi kakhulu elingenangqondo, isibonelo imali engenayo eyizigidigidi eziyi-1 ngenyanga kubantu bonke.
– Ukuphindaphinda kwezimpendulo: abaphenduli baqeda inhlolovo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.
Ukuphatha amanani angekho kungenziwa ngokususa okufakiwe, ukukufaka esikhundleni senani eliphakathi/eliphakathi (ledatha yezinombolo), noma ukusebenzisa isigaba esithi “angiphendulanga” sedatha yesigaba—kuye ngokuthi inhloso yokuhlaziya kanye nenani ledatha elahlekile.
3. Ukubhala Amakhodi Nokufaka Idatha
Uma idatha isihlanzekile, yibhale ngekhodi, okusho ukuguqula izimpendulo zibe yifomethi elula ukuyicubungula. Isibonelo:
– Ubulili: Indoda=1, Owesifazane=2
– Isikali se-Likert: Angivumelani nhlobo=1 kuya ku-Ngivumelana kakhulu=5
Ukubhala amakhodi kwenza kube lula ukufaka idatha kusofthiwe efana ne-Excel, SPSS, R, noma i-Python. Qiniseka ukuthi udala i-codebook (idokhumenti equkethe iziguquguquko, izincazelo, kanye nekhodi) ukuze ukuhlaziya kwakho kuphinde kuqondwe ngabanye.
4. Izibalo Ezichazayo: Ukufingqa Idatha Yocwaningo
Izibalo ezichazayo ziwumgogodla wokucutshungulwa kwedatha kokuqala. Inhloso yazo akukhona ukuhlola imibono, kodwa ukunikeza umbono jikelele wezimpawu zedatha.
a. Ukuvama kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaphesenti
Ukuze uthole idatha yezigaba kanye neye-ordinal, bala:
– Imvamisa (inani lezimpendulo)
– Amaphesenti (isilinganiso sezimpendulo eziphelele)
Imiphumela yesibonelo:
"Abantu abangafika ku-60% abaphendulile bakhethe isevisi A, abangu-40% bakhethe isevisi B."
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa kuvame ukwethulwa kumathebula kanye namagrafu ebha/ipayi ukuze kube lula ukukuqonda.
b. Isilinganiso Sokuthambekela Okuphakathi
Ukuze uthole idatha yezinombolo, sebenzisa:
– Isilinganiso (isilinganiso): isamba sawo wonke amanani ahlukaniswe ngenani labaphenduli.
– Okuphakathi: inani eliphakathi ngemva kokuba idatha ihlungiwe.
– Imodi: inani elivela kaningi.
Isilinganiso sifanele idatha enokusabalalisa okulingana ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho i-median izinze kakhulu uma kukhona okungaphandle noma ukusatshalaliswa okugobile. Imodi ivame ukuba wusizo kudatha yezigaba noma uma ufuna ukubona ukukhetha okuvamile.
c. Usayizi Wokusabalala (Ukuguquguquka)
Izilinganiso zokuhlakazeka zisiza ekunqumeni ukuthi izimpendulo zabaphenduli ziyahlukahluka kangakanani:
– Ububanzi: umehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu namanani amancane.
– Ukwehluka: isikwele esimaphakathi somehluko phakathi kwamanani kanye nesilinganiso.
– Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile: impande yesikwele yokwehluka, okulula ukukuhumusha ngoba amayunithi afana nedatha yokuqala.
Isibonelo, amaqembu amabili angaba nokwaneliseka okulinganayo okulinganiselwe, kodwa ukuphambuka okujwayelekile okuhlukile—iqembu elinokuphambuka okujwayelekile okukhulu kusho ukuthi izimpendulo zabaphenduli ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.
5. Ukuboniswa Kwedatha
Amagrafu asiza ukudlulisa imiphumela ngokushesha nangokucacile. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zokuboniswa kwedatha yocwaningo:
– Ishadi lebha: ledatha yezigaba/ye-ordinal.
– I-Histogram: yokusatshalaliswa kwedatha yezinombolo.
– Ibhokisi lebhokisi: libonisa okuphakathi, ama-quartiles, kanye nokungaphandle.
– Ishadi lomugqa: uma inhlolovo yenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile (uchungechunge lwesikhathi).
Ukuboniswa okuhle kufanele kunikezwe isihloko, amalebula aqondile, kanye nemithombo yedatha ukuze kugwenywe ukuchazwa kabi.
6. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Crosstab
I-Crosstable isetshenziselwa ukubona ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquguquko ezimbili zesigaba noma ze-ordinal. Isibonelo:
– Ukwaneliseka (ukwaneliseka/ukunganeliseki) ngokusekelwe ebulilini
- Ukukhetha umkhiqizo ngokusekelwe eqenjini leminyaka
Imiphumela ye-Crosstab ivame ukwethulwa ngamaphesenti ngomugqa ngamunye noma ngekholomu ngayinye. Lokhu kuyasiza ekuboneni umehluko wamaphethini phakathi kwamaqembu.
I-Misalnya:
"Iphesenti labaphenduli abanelisekile laliphezulu eqenjini leminyaka engu-26-35 uma kuqhathaniswa nabaneminyaka engu-18-25."
Nakuba ukuqhathanisa izibalo kuseseyindlela yokuchaza, imiphumela ivame ukusebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlaziya okwengeziwe.
7. Ukucubungula Izikali ze-Likert: Ukuthola Amamaki Nokuhunyushwa
Ucwaningo oluningi lusebenzisa isikali se-Likert esingu-1–5 noma 1–7. Amasu okucubungula afaka:
1. Bala isilinganiso samaphuzu ngento ngayinye
Isibonelo, isilinganiso esimaphakathi "sekhwalithi yesevisi" singu-4,2 kwangu-5.
2. Dala inkomba/inhlanganisela
Uma kunezinto eziningi zokulinganisa umqondo owodwa (isib. “ukwaneliseka” kuqukethe imibuzo emi-5), amaphuzu angafingqwa noma alinganiswe ukuze kwakheke inani elilodwa lenkomba.
3. Ukwahlukaniswa kwamaphuzu
Amaphuzu angaguqulwa abe yizigaba ezifana nezinga eliphansi-eliphakathi-eliphezulu ngemikhawulo ethile.
Ekuchazeni kukaLikert, kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngesikali esisetshenzisiwe nokuchaza incazelo yamaphuzu ukuze umfundi aqonde umongo.
8. Ukuhlola Ukuthembeka Okulula (Ongakukhetha)
Uma wakha inkomba evela emibuzweni eminingi, kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola ukuvumelana kwayo kwangaphakathi. Esinye isilinganiso esivamile yi-Cronbach's Alpha. Nakuba lokhu kudlula kancane "izibalo eziyisisekelo" ezimsulwa, lo mqondo usasetshenziswa kaningi ekucubungulweni kocwaningo. Inani le-alpha eliphakeme (isb., ≥ 0,7) ngokuvamile libonisa ukuthi izinto zilinganisa ukwakheka okufanayo ngokulinganayo.
9. Ukuhunyushwa Kwemiphumela Nokubika
Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha okuhle kufanele kuholele ekubikweni okucacile. Embikweni wakho, qiniseka ukuthi ufaka:
– Iphrofayili yomphenduli (izibalo zabantu ezibalulekile)
- Isifinyezo semiphumela ngenguquko ngayinye eyinhloko
– Amathebula/amagrafu afanele
- Ukuhumusha okungenalo ihaba
Gwema ukuphetha ngokuthi “imbangela nomphumela” uma inhlolovo ichaza kuphela. Ukuze kwakhiwe ubuhlobo obuqinile, kudingeka ukwakheka kocwaningo olufanele kanye nokuhlolwa kwezibalo okunengqondo.
10. Amaphutha Avamile Okufanele Uwagweme
Amanye amaphutha avame ukwenzeka ekucubungulweni kwedatha yocwaningo:
- Ukungahlanzi ngakho imiphumela ibandlulula
- Ukusebenzisa isilinganiso kudatha yesigaba engahleliwe
– Akuchazi isikali sokulinganisa
- Ukungazinaki izindinganiso ezingekho ngaphandle kwesu elicacile
- Ukwethula amagrafu ngaphandle kwamalebula noma umongo
Ngokugwema la maphutha, imiphumela yokuhlaziya iba yiqiniso futhi ithembeke kakhudlwana.
I-Penutup
Amasu okucubungula idatha yocwaningo esebenzisa izibalo eziyisisekelo ahilela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezibalulekile: ukuqonda izinhlobo zedatha, ukuhlanza nokubhala izimpendulo, ukufingqa idatha ngezibalo ezichazayo, ukubona ulwazi ngeso lengqondo, nokuhumusha imiphumela ngokunembile. Izibalo eziyisisekelo azisizi nje kuphela ukwenza idatha "ifundeke" kodwa futhi ziqinisa ikhwalithi yezinqumo ezisekelwe ocwaningweni. Ngenqubo ehlanzekile nesobala, idatha yocwaningo ingaba umthombo owusizo nonembile wokuqonda ngezidingo ezahlukene zocwaningo kanye nemikhuba yenhlangano.
Uma ufuna, ngingakusiza futhi ukuthi udale amathebula esampula, amafomethi emibiko yemiphumela yocwaningo, noma izinyathelo zokucubungula idatha yocwaningo ku-Excel/SPSS kanye namafomula namathempulethi.
