Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha Yokuthengisa Kusetshenziswa Izibalo Ezichazayo
Ezweni lebhizinisi elincintisanayo, idatha yokuthengisa ingaphezu nje kwerekhodi lokuthengiselana, kodwa iwumthombo wolwazi oluhlelekile olungasiza izinkampani ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwemakethe, ukuhlola ukusebenza, nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa. Kodwa-ke, idatha yokuthengisa ivame ukuba nkulu futhi isakazeke ngezindlela ezahlukene, okwenza kube nzima ukuyiqonda ngokubheka izinombolo ezingavuthiwe. Yilapho izibalo ezichazayo zidlala khona indima ebalulekile: kusiza ukufingqa, ukwenza lula, nokwethula idatha yokuthengisa ukuze ifundwe futhi ichazwe kalula. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuthengisa kusetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo okwenziwa ngayo, izilinganiso ezisetshenzisiwe, nokuthi imiphumela ingahunyushwa kanjani ibe ukuqonda kwebhizinisi.
Ukuqonda Izibalo Ezichazayo Ngomongo Wokuthengisa
Izibalo ezichazayo ziyigatsha lezibalo eligxile ekuchazeni noma ekufingqeni isethi yedatha. Ngokungafani nezibalo ezichazayo, ezihlose ukudweba iziphetho ezijwayelekile kusuka kusampula, izibalo ezichazayo zisebenza ngqo kudatha etholakalayo ukuchaza izici zayo eziyinhloko. Ekuthengiseni, izibalo ezichazayo zingaphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo efana nokuthi: yikuphi ukuthengisa okumaphakathi kwansuku zonke, yimiphi imikhiqizo ethengiswa kakhulu, ukuthi ukuthengisa kusatshalaliswa kanjani ngokwesifunda, noma ukuthi kwenzeka nini ukuthengiselana okuphezulu.
Idatha yokuthengisa ivame ukufaka izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nosuku lokuthengiselana, inani lamayunithi, intengo, imali engenayo iyonke, isigaba somkhiqizo, isiteshi sokuthengisa (ku-inthanethi/ngaphandle kwe-inthanethi), isifunda, kanye nobunikazi bamakhasimende. Izibalo ezichazayo zingaguqula le datha ibe yizifinyezo ezicacile ngesimo samathebula, izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi, izilinganiso zokuhlakazeka, kanye nokuboniswa.
Isigaba Sokulungiselela Idatha Yokuthengisa
Ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ukuhlaziywa, idatha kumele ilungiswe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuvumelana. Lesi sinyathelo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanzwa kwedatha. Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile kulesi sigaba ihlanganisa:
1. Hlola idatha engekho (amanani angekho), isibonelo ukuthengiselana okungenalo usuku noma okungenalo inani leyunithi.
2. Susa ukuthengiselana okuphindwe kabili, uma kukhona ukuqoshwa okuphindwe kabili.
3. Yenza amafomethi afane, isibonelo ifomethi yosuku (YYYY-MM-DD) noma uhlobo lwemali.
4. Thola izinto ezingaphandle, njengokuthengiselana ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu okungaba amaphutha okufaka.
Lesi sigaba sokulungiselela sibalulekile ngoba izibalo ezichazayo zincike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yedatha. Amaphutha amancane angachezukisa izibalo zokuthengisa ezimaphakathi noma eziphelele.
Izilinganiso Zokubaluleka: Ukuqonda "Inani Elijwayelekile" Lokuthengisa
Izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi zisiza ekunqumeni inani "elimele" ledatha yokuthengisa. Izilinganiso ezintathu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuthambekela okuphakathi yi-mean, i-median, kanye ne-mode.
1. Isilinganiso (Isilinganiso)
Isilinganiso sitholakala ngokuhlanganisa wonke amanani okuthengisa nokuhlukanisa ngenani lezikhathi/ukuthengiselana. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sokuthengisa kwansuku zonke sinikeza umbono jikelele wokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso siyazwela ezintweni ezingaphandle. Ukuthengiselana okukodwa okukhulu kungakhulisa kakhulu isilinganiso, noma ngabe izinsuku eziningi zinesilinganiso sokuthengisa.
2. Okuphakathi
I-median yinani eliphakathi lapho idatha ihlelwa. I-median imelana kakhulu nezinto ezingaphandle kune-average. Uma kubhekwa ukuthengisa, ukuthengisa kwansuku zonke okuphakathi kusiza ekunqumeni inani elingokoqobo uma idatha ivame ukubhekana nokwenyuka kwezinkathi zonyaka.
3. Imodi
Imodi yinani elivame kakhulu ukwenzeka. Ekuthengiseni, imodi ingaba wusizo ekuboneni inani lokuthenga elivame kakhulu (isb., amakhasimende avame ukuthenga iyunithi eli-1 noma eli-2).
Ngokuqhathanisa isilinganiso kanye nesilinganiso, abahlaziyi bangathola ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kokuthengisa kugobile yini. Uma isilinganiso sikhulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso, kungenzeka ukuthi kunezinkokhelo ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezigobile isilinganiso.
Usayizi Wokusabalala: Ukulinganisa Ukuqina Kokuthengisa
Ngaphezu kwamanani ajwayelekile, amabhizinisi kudingeka aqonde ukuthi ukuthengisa kuzinze kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izilinganiso zokuhlakazeka zisiza ekulinganiseni lokhu kuhlukahluka.
1. Ibanga
Ububanzi buwumehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu naphansi. Isibonelo, umehluko phakathi kwezibalo zokuthengisa eziphezulu neziphansi zenyanga. Ububanzi bunikeza umbono osheshayo, kodwa buthonywa kakhulu yizinto ezeqisayo.
2. Ukwehluka kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile
Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kubonisa ukuthi idatha isakazeka kude kangakanani nesilinganiso. Uma ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kuncane, ukuthengisa okuqhubekayo kuyanda. Ebhizinisini, ukuzinza kubalulekile ekuhleleni izinhloso zempahla, abasebenzi, kanye nemali engenayo.
3. Ibanga le-Interquartile (IQR)
I-IQR umehluko phakathi kwekota yesithathu (Q3) kanye nekota yokuqala (Q1). Lesi silinganiso sigxila ku-50% ophakathi wedatha, okwenza imelane kakhulu nezinto ezingaphandle. I-IQR iwusizo ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka "okuvamile" kokuthengiselana.
Ngesilinganiso sokuhlakazeka, abaphathi bangabona ukuthi ukuthengisa kuyashintshashintsha yini futhi kudinga isu lokuphromotha elizinzile noma ukuhlukahluka komkhiqizo.
Ukusatshalaliswa Kwedatha kanye Nefomu: Ukuhlola Amaphethini Okuthengisa
Izibalo ezichazayo zihlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kokusabalalisa. Idatha yokuthengisa ivame ukungalingani: ngokuvamile kunezinkokhelo eziningi ezincane nezimbalwa ezinkulu. Ukuqonda ukuma kokusabalalisa kusiza ekunqumeni isu.
– Ukusatshalaliswa okuphambene kwesokudla kuvamile ekuthengiselaneni kwamakhasimende: ukuthenga okuningi okuncane, ukuthenga okuncane okukhulu.
– Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-bimodal kungabonisa ukuthi kukhona izingxenye ezimbili zemakethe, isibonelo amakhasimende athengisa ngobuningi kanye namakhasimende athengisa ngobuningi anezindlela ezahlukene zokuthenga.
Ukuhlaziywa kokusabalalisa kungenziwa ngokuhlola ama-histogram, ama-boxplot, noma izifinyezo zekota. Uma kutholakala iphethini engavamile, izinkampani zingaphenya imbangela: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yomcimbi wokuphromotha, ushintsho lwentengo, noma umkhiqizo omusha.
Ukuhlaziywa Ngesigaba: Umkhiqizo, Isifunda, kanye Nesiteshi
Izibalo ezichazayo ziba namandla kakhulu uma idatha iqoqwa ngamaqoqo. Esikhundleni sokubheka inani lokuthengisa lilonke, izinkampani zidinga ukuzihlukanisa ukuze zithole imithombo yokukhula noma izinkinga.
1. Ngokusekelwe kumkhiqizo/isigaba
Bala inani lokuthengisa, isilinganiso sokuthengisa, kanye negalelo lomkhiqizo ngamunye emalini engenayo. Thola "imikhiqizo evelele" kanye nemikhiqizo engashintshi. Lokhu kuhlaziya kusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo mayelana nokuthengwa kwesitoko, ukukhushulwa, noma ukuyekiswa komkhiqizo.
2. Ngokusekelwe esifundeni
Ukuthengisa ngesifunda kusiza ekubaleni amathuba emakethe. Uma isifunda esisodwa sinokuthengisa okuphezulu kodwa futhi sinokuhlukahluka okuphezulu, inkampani kungadingeka ithuthukise ukusatshalaliswa noma ukutholakala komkhiqizo.
3. Ngokusekelwe eziteshini zokuthengisa
Ukuqhathanisa iziteshi eziku-inthanethi nezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kungaveza ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwamakhasimende. Isibonelo, iziteshi eziku-inthanethi zinezinkokhelo ezincane eziphakathi nendawo kodwa zinobuningi obuphezulu, kuyilapho iziteshi ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zinezinkokhelo ezinkulu kodwa ezingavami kakhulu.
Amasu okufingqa afana namathebula e-pivot avame ukusetshenziswa ukwenza ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamaqembu ngokushesha.
Ukubona Idatha: Ukwenza Izifinyezo Zibe Lula Ukuziqonda
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo kusheshisa ukuqonda izitayela namaphethini. Amanye amashadi avamile ekuhlaziyweni kokuthengisa yile:
- Ishadi lomugqa lezindlela zokuthengisa zansuku zonke/zamasonto onke/zanyanga zonke.
– Ishadi lebha lokuqhathanisa ukuthengisa ngomkhiqizo noma isifunda ngasinye.
– Ishadi lephayi (njengoba kudingeka) lezilinganiso zeminikelo yesigaba.
– Ibhokisi leposi ukuze ubone ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokungafani kokuthengisa phakathi kwezifunda noma iziteshi.
Izithombe kufanele zihambisane nomongo, isibonelo amanothi ngezikhathi zokukhushulwa noma amaholide kazwelonke, ukuze kuchazwe ngokunembile.
Ukuguqula Izibalo Zibe Ukuqonda Kwebhizinisi
Izibalo ezichazayo aziyona into esemqoka ngokwazo; ziyithuluzi lokukhiqiza ukuqonda. Ezinye izibonelo zokuqonda ezingatholakala:
– Uma isilinganiso sokuthengisa sansuku zonke sizinzile kodwa isilinganiso sikhuphuka, kukhona inkomba yokwanda kokuthengiselana okukhulu (isb. ukuthenga ngobuningi).
– Uma ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kukhuphuka inyanga nenyanga, ukuthengisa kuya ngokuya kungazinzile ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuhlola amasu okumaketha noma ukutholakala kwesitoko.
– Uma umkhiqizo owodwa udala ingxenye enkulu yemali engenayo, inkampani isengozini enkulu uma isidingo salowo mkhiqizo sincipha; kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuhlukahluka.
– Uma ukuthengisa esifundeni esithile kuphansi kodwa ukukhula kuphezulu, leso sifunda singaba yinhloso yokwanda nokukhushulwa.
Ngamanye amazwi, izinombolo ezifingqiwe zisiza ukusekela izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha, hhayi nje ukuqonda.
I-Penutup
Ukuhlaziya idatha yokuthengisa kusetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo kuvumela izinkampani ukuthi ziqonde ukusebenza kwebhizinisi ngendlela ehlelekile neqondakalayo. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa ukuthambekela okuphakathi, ukuhlakazeka, ukusatshalaliswa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba, kanye nokubona ngeso lengqondo, idatha yokuthengisa eyinkimbinkimbi ingaguqulwa ibe izifinyezo ezinengqondo. Imiphumela yokuhlaziya ingasetshenziswa ukuhlonza izitayela, ukuhlola ukuzinza, ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo noma kwesifunda, kanye nokwakha amasu okuthengisa asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo, izibalo ezichazayo ziba yisisekelo esibalulekile sokwakha isiko lokwenza izinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.
